Nokea
The combination of Hemoglobin with Oxygen in the blood can be promoted by
- A. Decreasing O2 concentration
- B. Increasing O2 concentration
- C. Increasing CO2 concentration
- D. Decreasing CO2 concentration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increasing O2 concentration. When O2 concentration increases, it promotes the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in the blood through the process of oxygenation. This results in the formation of oxyhemoglobin, which enhances oxygen transport in the blood.
Summary:
- A: Decreasing O2 concentration would hinder the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport efficiency.
- C: Increasing CO2 concentration would lead to the formation of carbaminohemoglobin, not oxyhemoglobin.
- D: Decreasing CO2 concentration would not directly promote the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
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The impulse for voluntary muscles for forced breathing starts in
- A. Medulla ( pons )
- B. Vagus nerve
- C. Cerebral hemispheres
- D. Spinal cord
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medulla (pons). The medulla, located in the brainstem, controls involuntary functions like breathing. Specifically, the medulla contains the respiratory center, which regulates breathing rhythm and depth. During forced breathing, the medulla sends impulses to the voluntary muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The pons, which is closely connected to the medulla, assists in regulating breathing patterns. The vagus nerve (B) is responsible for parasympathetic functions, not voluntary breathing. The cerebral hemispheres (C) are primarily involved in higher brain functions, not breathing regulation. The spinal cord (D) plays a role in transmitting signals between the brain and muscles but does not initiate voluntary breathing impulses.
What is heart failure?
- A. A sudden stoppage of the heart
- B. Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively
- C. Accumulation of excess cholesterol in the arteries
- D. Irregular heartbeat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.
Explanation:
1. Heart failure is a chronic condition that develops over time due to various factors such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, or heart muscle damage.
2. The inability of the heart to pump blood effectively results in reduced blood flow to the body's organs and tissues.
3. This can lead to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and swelling.
4. A sudden stoppage of the heart (Choice A) would result in cardiac arrest, not heart failure.
5. Accumulation of excess cholesterol in the arteries (Choice C) refers to atherosclerosis, not heart failure.
6. An irregular heartbeat (Choice D) may be a symptom
A nurse cares for a client who has packing inserted for posterior nasal bleeding. What action would the nurse take first?
- A. Assess the client's pain level.
- B. Keep the client's head elevated.
- C. Teach the client about the causes of nasal bleeding.
- D. Assess the client's airway.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Assess the client's airway. This is the priority action as airway patency is always the top priority in any emergency situation. In this case, posterior nasal bleeding can lead to blood flow into the throat, potentially obstructing the airway. Ensuring the client's airway is clear and maintaining adequate oxygenation is crucial for their safety.
Choice A (Assess the client's pain level) is not the priority when there is a potential risk to the airway. Choice B (Keep the client's head elevated) may be done after confirming airway patency. Choice C (Teach the client about the causes of nasal bleeding) is important but not the immediate priority in this situation.
In assessing for major sources of infection in a COPD patient, the nurse focuses on:
- A. Stasis of respiratory secretions.
- B. Low body weight.
- C. Episodes of postural hypotension.
- D. Delayed antigen-antibody response.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stasis of respiratory secretions. In COPD patients, stasis of respiratory secretions can lead to bacterial growth and increase the risk of infections like pneumonia. This is a common issue in COPD due to impaired mucociliary clearance. Choices B, C, and D are not directly related to sources of infection in COPD patients. Low body weight is more associated with malnutrition, postural hypotension with cardiovascular issues, and delayed antigen-antibody response with immune system deficiencies.
The nurse is caring for a client who has just had a thoracentesis. Which assessment information obtained by the nurse is a priority to communicate to the health care provider?
- A. O2 saturation is 88%
- B. Blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg.
- C. Respiratory rate is 24 breaths/min when lying flat.
- D. Pain level is 5 (on 0 to 10 scale) with a deep breath.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a low O2 saturation level (88%) indicates potential respiratory compromise or hypoxemia post-thoracentesis, which requires immediate intervention to prevent hypoxia. The other choices are not as critical: B (BP slightly elevated but not urgent), C (RR slightly elevated but expected after procedure), and D (Pain at level 5 with deep breath is common post-thoracentesis and can be managed).