Nokea
The commonest side effect of pioglitazone in the treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus is:
- A. Fluid retention
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. Lactic acidosis
- D. Pancreatitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pioglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, commonly causes fluid retention.
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Slow channel syndrome is due to
- A. Accumulation of Na+ ions in channels
- B. Accumulation of K+ ions in channels
- C. Accumulation of Mg++ ions in channels
- D. Accumulation of Ca++ ions in channels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Slow channel syndrome relates to calcium channel dysfunction.
Tamoxifen is prescribed for the client with metastatic breast carcinoma. The nurse understands that the primary action of this medication is to:
- A. Increase DNA and RNA synthesis.
- B. Promote the biosynthesis of nucleic acids.
- C. Increase estrogen concentration and estrogen response.
- D. Compete with estradiol for binding to estrogen in tissues containing high concentrations of receptors.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Tamoxifen is an antineoplastic medication that competes with estradiol for binding to estrogen in tissues containing high concentrations of receptors. Tamoxifen is used to treat metastatic breast carcinoma in women and men. Tamoxifen is also effective in delaying the recurrence of cancer following mastectomy. Tamoxifen reduces DNA synthesis and estrogen response.
A nurse is administering digoxin to a patient. To administer medications so that the drug is as effective as possible, the nurse needs to consider what?
- A. Pharmacotherapeutics
- B. Pharmacokinetics
- C. Pharmacoeconomics
- D. Pharmacogenomics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When administering a drug, the nurse needs to consider the phases of pharmacokinetics so that the drug regimen can be made as effective as possible. Pharmacogenomics is the area of study that includes mapping of the human genome. Pharmacotherapeutics is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the uses of drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. Pharmacoeconomics includes all costs involved in drug therapy.
The primary action of loop diuretics is to:
- A. Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
- B. Block aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule.
- C. Increase osmolarity of the renal tubular fluid.
- D. Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.
Which of the following can be used for treatment of hypothyroidism:
- A. Liothironine
- B. Iodides (lugol solution)
- C. Carbimazole
- D. Methimazole
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Liothyronine (T3) is used to replace thyroid hormone in hypothyroidism.