Nokea
The contraction of the myoepithelial breast cells is stimulated by _____.
- A. estrogen
- B. progesterone
- C. oxytocin
- D. prolactin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Myoepithelial cells contract to facilitate milk ejection during breastfeeding. Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for stimulating this contraction. Estrogen and progesterone are involved in breast development and preparing for lactation but do not directly stimulate myoepithelial cell contraction. Prolactin is responsible for milk production but does not directly trigger myoepithelial cell contraction.
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Which of the following are the advantages of a vaginal hysterectomy over an abdominal hysterectomy?
- A. Fewer complications
- B. Increased recovery time
- C. Radical hysterectomy can even be done laparoscopically
- D. No pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vaginal hysterectomies generally have fewer complications and quicker recovery times compared to abdominal procedures.
A drug is given that affects the initial phases of spermatogenesis to aid in a patient’s infertility complaints. How much time would it take for the effects of this drug to be seen?
- A. 4.6 days
- B. 16 days
- C. 22 days
- D. 86 days
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (86 days) because spermatogenesis is a process that takes around 74 days from the initial division of spermatogonia to the release of mature spermatozoa. The drug affecting the initial phases of spermatogenesis would take at least one full cycle of spermatogenesis to show its effects, which is around 74 days. Therefore, it would take approximately 86 days for the effects of the drug to be seen.
Choice A (4.6 days) is too short for spermatogenesis to complete, so the effects of the drug would not be observable in this time frame. Choice B (16 days) and Choice C (22 days) are also insufficient for a full cycle of spermatogenesis to occur, hence the effects of the drug would not be evident within these durations.
An egg that has been fertilized by a sperm is called a _______________.
- A. implatation
- B. zygote
- C. embryo
- D. Breast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: zygote. After fertilization, when the sperm and egg unite, they form a zygote. This is the initial stage of a new organism's development. Implantation (A) occurs when the embryo attaches to the uterus. Embryo (C) is the term for the developing organism after the zygote stage. Breast (D) is not related to the fertilization process. In this context, zygote is the most appropriate term as it specifically refers to the newly formed cell after fertilization.
Why is it important to feed newborn infants every few hours?
- A. The hepatic capacity to store and synthesize glycogen and glucose is not adequate to maintain the plasma glucose concentration in a normal range for more than a few hours after feeding
- B. If adequate fluid is not ingested frequently, the plasma protein concentration will rise to greater than normal levels within a few hours
- C. The function of the gastrointestinal system is poorly developed and can be improved by keeping food in the stomach at all times
- D. The hepatic capacity to form plasma proteins is minimal and requires the constant availability of amino acids from food to avoid hypoproteinemic edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Newborn infants have limited hepatic capacity to store and synthesize glycogen and glucose.
Step 2: This limited capacity results in the plasma glucose concentration not being maintained in a normal range for more than a few hours after feeding.
Step 3: Feeding every few hours ensures a constant supply of glucose to maintain plasma glucose levels.
Step 4: Thus, it is important to feed newborn infants every few hours to prevent hypoglycemia.
Summary:
A: Correct - Maintaining plasma glucose levels due to limited hepatic capacity.
B: Incorrect - Protein concentration is not the primary concern for feeding frequency.
C: Incorrect - Keeping food in the stomach constantly does not improve gastrointestinal function.
D: Incorrect - Hypoproteinemic edema is not the primary reason for feeding frequency.
Estrogen replacement therapy is given to relieve the symptoms of:
- A. Cervicitis
- B. Pregnancy
- C. Endometriosis
- D. Menopause
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Estrogen replacement therapy is given to relieve the symptoms of menopause because it helps alleviate hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and other menopausal symptoms by replacing the declining estrogen levels in the body. Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix and is not treated with estrogen therapy. Pregnancy naturally increases estrogen levels and does not require estrogen replacement therapy. Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus and is not specifically treated with estrogen replacement therapy. In summary, estrogen replacement therapy is indicated for menopausal symptoms due to declining estrogen levels.