Nokea
The correct injection technique for infants of mothers who are known carriers of hepatitis B virus is to:
- A. Avoid all intramuscular injections until 1 month of age
- B. Dilute intramuscular injections with added normal saline
- C. Mix all injections that the infant will need in a single syringe
- D. Bathe the area where the infant will receive injections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because infants born to mothers who are known carriers of hepatitis B virus should receive the hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. Delaying intramuscular injections until 1 month of age increases the risk of vertical transmission of the virus. Choice B is incorrect because diluting injections with normal saline is unnecessary and may compromise the effectiveness of the vaccine. Choice C is incorrect as mixing all injections in a single syringe can lead to contamination and inaccurate dosing. Choice D is incorrect as bathing the injection site does not prevent vertical transmission of the virus.
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A nurse is performing a gynecological health history interview on a 17-year-old Caucasian adolescent. The girl appears anxious and states, 'I found a lump in my left breast, and I am worried that it may be cancer.' What factors should the nurse be aware of prior to responding to this patient? Select all that apply.
- A. Breast fibroadenomas are the most common breast tumor in women after puberty and between the ages of 15 and 30.
- B. African American women tend to develop fibroadenomas more often and at an earlier age than Caucasian women.
- C. Young women are at increased risk for breast cancer.
- D. The cause of fibroadenoma is a cancerous condition.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because breast fibroadenomas are indeed the most common benign breast tumor in women after puberty, typically occurring between the ages of 15 and 30. The nurse should be aware of this fact when assessing the patient's concern about the lump. Fibroadenomas are non-cancerous and do not increase the risk of breast cancer.
Choice B is incorrect because fibroadenomas are more common in Caucasian women, not African American women. Choice C is incorrect because young women like the patient are generally at low risk for breast cancer. Choice D is also incorrect because fibroadenomas are not caused by cancerous conditions.
A client who has been diagnosed with HIV develops an oral candida infection. When teaching the client, which instructions will the health care provider include?
- A. Rinse your mouth often with a commercial mouthwash.
- B. Include plenty of citrus juices in your diet.
- C. Select foods that are soft or pureed.
- D. Include hot soups and beverages with each meal.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Select foods that are soft or pureed. This is because soft or pureed foods are easier to swallow and less likely to irritate the oral mucosa affected by the candida infection. Rinsing with a commercial mouthwash (choice A) may temporarily relieve symptoms but won't address the root cause. Citrus juices (choice B) can be irritating to the oral mucosa. Hot soups and beverages (choice D) can worsen the discomfort in the mouth. Overall, choosing soft or pureed foods will help alleviate discomfort and promote healing.
Which best describes the signs and symptoms of trichomoniasis in women?
- A. Foul, fishy odor and thick clumpy white vaginal discharge
- B. Malodorous, frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge
- C. Dysuria and thin milky-white vaginal discharge
- D. Condition is asymptomatic in women
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Trichomoniasis is characterized by malodorous, frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge due to the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis parasite. This discharge is a hallmark sign of the infection. Other choices are incorrect because:
A: Foul, fishy odor and thick clumpy white discharge are more indicative of bacterial vaginosis or yeast infection.
C: Dysuria and thin milky-white discharge are more suggestive of a urinary tract infection.
D: Trichomoniasis can manifest with symptoms in women such as vaginal discharge, itching, and discomfort.
Which statement is not true regarding breast reconstruction?
- A. It promotes symmetry and preserves body image.
- B. It is always done immediately along with the mastectomy.
- C. It does not change survival rates or interfere with therapies or treatment of recurrent disease.
- D. It is associated with low morbidity and high patient satisfaction.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Breast reconstruction is not always done immediately to allow for healing post-mastectomy.
2. Immediate reconstruction may not be suitable for all patients due to various factors.
3. Delayed reconstruction is also a valid option and can be performed at a later time.
4. Therefore, the statement that breast reconstruction is always done immediately along with the mastectomy is not true.
Summary:
A: True - Breast reconstruction aims to promote symmetry and preserve body image.
C: True - Breast reconstruction does not affect survival rates or interfere with treatments.
D: True - Breast reconstruction generally has low morbidity and high patient satisfaction.
Which are major risk factors for breast cancer? Select all that apply.
- A. Female gender
- B. Increasing age over 50 years
- C. Personal history of breast cancer (in situ or invasive), family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (parent, sibling, child)
- D. High-fat diet, Alcohol consumption (two or more drinks/day)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having a personal history of breast cancer, a family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, or both are major risk factors for developing breast cancer. This is due to the presence of genetic mutations that increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Choices A and B are not specific risk factors for breast cancer, although being female and increasing age are associated with higher risk. Choice D, high-fat diet and alcohol consumption, are not considered major risk factors for breast cancer.