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The correct term for the digestive tract that begins at the mouth and finishes at the anus is called?
- A. Digestive passage
- B. Elementary canal
- C. Alimentary canal
- D. Intestinal tract
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct term for the digestive tract that begins at the mouth and finishes at the anus is called the alimentary canal. This term specifically refers to the entire passage through which food passes and is digested. The term "alimentary" pertains to nourishment or nutrition, making it the most accurate description of the digestive tract.
A: Digestive passage is too broad and vague, not specifying the entire route of digestion.
B: Elementary canal is not a commonly used term in anatomy to describe the digestive tract.
D: Intestinal tract specifically refers to the section of the digestive system that includes the small and large intestines, excluding the mouth, esophagus, and stomach.
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Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by ________.
- A. increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
- B. decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
- C. stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
- D. blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because glucocorticoids, like cortisol, increase blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, elevate fatty acid levels for energy production, and promote amino acid breakdown for energy. This helps the body respond to stress by providing necessary energy sources. Additionally, glucocorticoids can enhance blood pressure to ensure adequate blood flow during stress.
Option B is incorrect because glucocorticoids typically increase heart rate and blood pressure to support the stress response. Option C is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not stimulate the release of insulin; instead, they can have an anti-insulin effect. Option D is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not block neurotransmitters but rather modulate the stress response at various levels.
Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone:
- A. are feminizing hormones.
- B. induce virilization.
- C. are secreted by the gonads.
- D. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secreted by the gonads. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics. Choices A and B are incorrect because testosterone induces virilization (masculinizing effects) while estrogen and progesterone are more associated with feminizing effects. Choice D is incorrect because estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are not secreted by the adenohypophysis, which mainly produces and releases other hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin.
Which stimulates parietal cell secretion?
- A. prostaglandins
- B. aspirin
- C. vinegar
- D. acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine directly stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid. It binds to muscarinic receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in acid production. Prostaglandins (A) inhibit acid secretion, aspirin (B) can cause gastric irritation and ulcers, and vinegar (C) does not directly stimulate parietal cells.
All of the following drugs are parasympatholytic drugs EXCEPT:
- A. Hyoscine
- B. Atropine
- C. Pilocarpine
- D. Ipratropium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pilocarpine. Parasympatholytic drugs inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system. Pilocarpine, on the other hand, is a parasympathomimetic drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. Hyoscine, Atropine, and Ipratropium are all parasympatholytic drugs that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, pilocarpine is the exception in this list.
Jane Doe, 23, received her NPH insulin injection at 7:30 A.M., but due to oversight and a long wait in the x-ray department, she has not eaten for 14 hours. The nurse can anticipate which complication?
- A. Dehydration
- B. Ketoacidotic coma
- C. Insulin reaction
- D. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Not eating after insulin injection can cause hypoglycemia, or an insulin reaction, due to the lack of food to balance the insulin effect.