Nokea
The drug of choice for treatment and secondary prophylaxis against * cryptococcal meningitis among AIDS patients is:
- A. Amphotericin B
- B. Flucytosine
- C. Fluconazole
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fluconazole. Fluconazole is the drug of choice for treating and preventing *cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients due to its excellent CNS penetration and efficacy. It is preferred over Amphotericin B due to its better safety profile and tolerability. Flucytosine is not used as monotherapy and is often combined with other antifungals. Ketoconazole is not recommended for cryptococcal meningitis due to poor CNS penetration.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which hormone does not play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?
- A. ADH
- B. aldosterone
- C. leptin
- D. atrial natriuretic peptide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Leptin does not play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance because it is primarily involved in regulating energy balance and appetite. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) helps in water reabsorption, aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels, and atrial natriuretic peptide promotes sodium excretion. Leptin's main function is to regulate hunger and energy expenditure, making it unrelated to fluid and electrolyte balance regulation.
Which of the following would be examples of foods selected to lower the pH of urine?
- A. Milk
- B. Tea
- C. Apples
- D. Meat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Apples. Apples are acidic in nature, which can help lower the pH of urine. Consuming acidic foods can make the urine more acidic. Milk is alkaline, so it would raise the pH of urine. Tea can vary in acidity, but generally it is not chosen to lower urine pH. Meat is also not acidic and would not contribute to lowering urine pH. So, apples are the most suitable choice for lowering urine pH among the options provided.
"Red man syndrome "has been associated with rapid intravenous injection of * which of the following antibiotic?
- A. Vancomycin
- B. Clindamycin
- C. Cefoperazone
- D. Piperacillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vancomycin. Red man syndrome is a hypersensitivity reaction caused by rapid infusion of vancomycin. Vancomycin infusion releases histamine, leading to flushing, rash, and hypotension. Clindamycin (B), Cefoperazone (C), and Piperacillin (D) are not associated with red man syndrome. Clindamycin can cause pseudomembranous colitis, Cefoperazone can cause bleeding disorders, and Piperacillin can cause hypersensitivity reactions, but not red man syndrome.
The highest incidence of antibiotic associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis has been noted with the use of:
- A. Ampicillin
- B. Chloramphenicol
- C. Vancomycin
- D. Clindamycin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Clindamycin. Clindamycin is associated with the highest incidence of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis due to its broad-spectrum activity that disrupts the normal gut flora, leading to overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, and Vancomycin are also associated with pseudomembranous enterocolitis, but the highest incidence is seen with Clindamycin due to its stronger impact on gut flora imbalance.
What does the dialysate for PD routinely contain?
- A. Calcium in a lower concentration than in the blood
- B. Sodium in a higher concentration than in the blood
- C. Dextrose in a higher concentration than in the blood
- D. Electrolytes in an equal concentration to that of the blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Dextrose in a higher concentration than in the blood
Rationale:
1. Dextrose in PD dialysate helps to create an osmotic gradient for fluid removal.
2. Higher dextrose concentration ensures effective ultrafiltration.
3. Dextrose is the main osmotic agent used in PD.
4. A higher concentration of dextrose in the dialysate aids in waste removal.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - Calcium concentration in dialysate is similar to blood to avoid imbalance.
B: Incorrect - Sodium concentration is lower in dialysate to prevent sodium loading.
D: Incorrect - Electrolyte concentration in dialysate is tailored to patient needs, not equal to blood.