Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Pelvis

Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Pelvis Related

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The drug of choice to treat a gonorrhea infection is

  • A. penicillin G (Pfizerpen).
  • B. tetracycline (Achromycin).
  • C. ceftriaxone (Rocephin).
  • D. acyclovir (Zovirax).
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
2. Over time, Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to penicillin and tetracycline.
3. Ceftriaxone is the recommended treatment due to its effectiveness against resistant strains.
4. Acyclovir is used to treat viral infections, not bacterial infections like gonorrhea.

Summary:
- Penicillin and tetracycline are no longer effective due to resistance.
- Ceftriaxone is the current drug of choice for gonorrhea treatment.
- Acyclovir is not used for bacterial infections like gonorrhea.

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The hormone that stimulates the alveoli to produce milk is

  • A. oxytocin
  • B. estrogen
  • C. prolactin
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Prolactin drives milk synthesis in mammary glands.

The nutritional supplement given to women to prevent neural tube defects is

  • A. folic acid
  • B. magnesium
  • C. iron
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neural tube defects when taken preconceptionally and during early pregnancy.

Shortly before menstruation:

  • A. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
  • B. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase
  • C. Blood levels of FSH stabilize
  • D. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Before menstruation, blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, leading to the shedding of the endometrium.

The phenotypic sex is determined by:

  • A. At fertilization by the male gamete
  • B. At fertilization by the female gamete
  • C. Around 6-10 weeks of gestation by the SRY gene
  • D. By the activity of the androgen hormones on the indifferent genitalia
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct:
1. During early development, all embryos possess indifferent genitalia.
2. Androgen hormones, like testosterone, influence the differentiation of these structures.
3. The presence of androgen hormones leads to the development of male genitalia.
4. Lack of androgen results in the development of female genitalia.
5. This process occurs after fertilization, not during fertilization.
In summary, choice D is correct as the phenotypic sex is determined by the activity of androgen hormones on the indifferent genitalia post-fertilization.
Choices A and B are incorrect because sex determination occurs post-fertilization, not during fertilization.
Choice C is incorrect as the SRY gene typically plays a role in sex determination but is not the primary factor influencing the phenotypic sex.

The breastfeeding position that is good to relieve plugged milk ducts and engorged breasts is

  • A. cradle hold
  • B. football hold
  • C. side-lying hold
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The football hold allows better access and drainage of blocked ducts.

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