Nokea
The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
- A. nasopharynx
- B. laryngopharynx
- C. nasal cavity
- D. oral cavity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oral cavity. The fauces is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx. It is located at the back of the mouth, connecting the oral cavity to the oropharynx. This opening allows the passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the throat during swallowing. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the fauces does not connect to the nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, or nasal cavity. The fauces specifically connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx, making choice D the correct answer in this context.
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While assessing an older adult patient, what finding indicates left-sided heart failure?
- A. Weight gain
- B. Ascites
- C. Crackles
- D. Jugular vein distention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Crackles. Crackles indicate left-sided heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. This occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood, leading to fluid backing up into the lungs. Weight gain (A) may be a general sign of heart failure but is not specific to left-sided failure. Ascites (B) is more indicative of right-sided heart failure, where fluid accumulates in the abdomen. Jugular vein distention (D) is a sign of right-sided heart failure, where blood backs up into the systemic circulation causing jugular vein distention.
If the CO2 concentration in the blood increases, the breathing shall
- A. Increase
- B. Decrease
- C. Stop
- D. No affect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When CO2 concentration in the blood increases, it leads to respiratory acidosis, causing the body to increase breathing rate to expel excess CO2 and restore pH balance. This increase in breathing helps eliminate CO2 through exhalation, thus the correct answer is A.
Choice B is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration triggers an increase in breathing to remove the excess CO2, not decrease it.
Choice C is incorrect because stopping breathing would be life-threatening and is not a physiological response to high CO2 levels.
Choice D is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration does have an effect on breathing rate to maintain homeostasis.
Haldane effect refers to
- A. Increased CO2 uptake to minimize CO2 tension
- B. Increased O2 tension
- C. Decreased CO2 tension
- D. Decreases O2 tension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increased CO2 uptake to minimize CO2 tension. The Haldane effect describes how the blood's ability to carry CO2 increases as oxygen levels decrease. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it displaces CO2, allowing more CO2 to be carried by the blood. This phenomenon is crucial in the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues.
Choice B is incorrect as the Haldane effect is related to CO2, not O2 tension. Choice C is incorrect as the Haldane effect leads to increased CO2 uptake, not decreased. Choice D is incorrect as it states decreases O2 tension, which is not directly related to the Haldane effect.
Which of these statements is false regarding Pulmonary Resistance?
- A. Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally cause a fall in pulmonary resistance
- B. Pulmonary resistance is only 1/10 of systemic circulation resistance
- C. Increase of lung volume results in increase of resistance in extra alveolar vessels
- D. Acetylcholine has a good bronchiole smooth muscle relaxation effect
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C):
- Increase of lung volume results in decrease, not increase, in resistance in extra alveolar vessels due to increased recruitment of capillaries.
- This is known as distension recruitment, which helps reduce resistance in extra alveolar vessels.
- Increased lung volume also helps to distribute blood flow more evenly in the lungs, reducing resistance.
- Therefore, statement C is false.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: True - increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally causes a fall in pulmonary resistance due to vessel dilation.
B: True - pulmonary resistance is indeed lower than systemic circulation resistance due to shorter pulmonary vascular bed.
D: True - acetylcholine causes bronchiole smooth muscle contraction, not relaxation.
A 68-year-old male is being admitted to the hospital for an exacerbation of his COPD. The nurse is developing his plan of care. The nurse can expect that this client will?
- A. Be placed on 10 L of oxygen per nasal cannula.
- B. Be placed in respiratory isolation.
- C. Require frequent rest periods throughout the day.
- D. Be placed on fluid restriction.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Require frequent rest periods throughout the day. This is because patients with COPD often experience shortness of breath and fatigue, necessitating frequent rest periods to conserve energy and manage symptoms. Oxygen therapy is typically started at a lower flow rate (2-4 L/min) to avoid suppressing the patient's respiratory drive, so option A is not appropriate. Respiratory isolation is unnecessary for COPD exacerbation, as it is not a contagious condition, making option B incorrect. Fluid restriction is not typically indicated for COPD exacerbation unless the patient has comorbid conditions like heart failure, so option D is not the priority.