Nokea
The most abundant gas in the earth's atmosphere is
- A. oxygen.
- B. water vapor
- C. argon.
- D. nitrogen.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: nitrogen. Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant gas. This is due to the fact that nitrogen is a chemically stable element that forms diatomic molecules (N2) which are not easily broken down. Oxygen (A) makes up about 21% of the atmosphere, while water vapor (B) and argon (C) are present in much smaller quantities. Therefore, nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere based on its high percentage composition.
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Which intervention for airway management should you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Assist client to sit up on side of bed.
- B. Instruct client to cough effectively.
- C. Teach client to use incentive spirometry.
- D. Auscultate breath sounds every 4 hours.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Assisting the client to sit up is a basic intervention suitable for a nursing assistant. Instructing effective coughing (B) and teaching incentive spirometry (C) require more skill. Auscultating breath sounds (D) is outside the scope of practice for a nursing assistant.
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except
- A. cortical association areas
- B. the precentral motor gyrus
- C. the limbic system
- D. the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: the precentral motor gyrus. This area is primarily responsible for voluntary motor control, not for altering the activity of respiratory centers. Cortical association areas (A), the limbic system (C), and the hypothalamus (D) can influence respiratory centers through emotional responses, autonomic control, and regulation of breathing patterns, respectively. The precentral motor gyrus is not directly involved in modifying respiratory activity.
A nurse educator is reviewing the implications of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve with regard to the case of a current patient. The patient currently has normal hemoglobin levels, but significantly decreased SaO2 and PaO2 levels. What is an implication of this physiological state?
- A. The patient's tissue demands may be met, but she will be unable to respond to physiological stressors.
- B. The patient's short-term oxygen needs will be met, but she will be unable to expel sufficient CO2.
- C. The patient will experience tissue hypoxia with no sensation of shortness of breath or labored breathing.
- D. The patient will experience respiratory alkalosis with no ability to compensate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because even though the patient has normal hemoglobin levels, the significantly decreased SaO2 and PaO2 levels indicate that the hemoglobin is not effectively carrying oxygen to the tissues. This leads to a situation where the tissue demands for oxygen may be met at baseline, but the patient will be unable to respond to physiological stressors that require increased oxygen delivery.
Choice B is incorrect because it focuses on short-term oxygen needs and CO2 expulsion, which are not directly related to the implications of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in this case.
Choice C is incorrect because decreased SaO2 and PaO2 levels would lead to tissue hypoxia, which would likely result in sensations of shortness of breath or labored breathing as the body tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen.
Choice D is incorrect because decreased PaO2 levels would not lead to respiratory alkalosis. The body would likely try to compensate by increasing respiratory rate to improve oxygenation.
The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
- A. nasopharynx
- B. laryngopharynx
- C. nasal cavity
- D. oral cavity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oral cavity. The fauces is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx. It is located at the back of the mouth, connecting the oral cavity to the oropharynx. This opening allows the passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the throat during swallowing. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the fauces does not connect to the nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, or nasal cavity. The fauces specifically connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx, making choice D the correct answer in this context.
While assessing an older adult patient, what finding indicates left-sided heart failure?
- A. Weight gain
- B. Ascites
- C. Crackles
- D. Jugular vein distention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Crackles. Crackles indicate left-sided heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. This occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood, leading to fluid backing up into the lungs. Weight gain (A) may be a general sign of heart failure but is not specific to left-sided failure. Ascites (B) is more indicative of right-sided heart failure, where fluid accumulates in the abdomen. Jugular vein distention (D) is a sign of right-sided heart failure, where blood backs up into the systemic circulation causing jugular vein distention.