Nokea
Which of the following symptoms should a nurse assess in a client when implementing interventions for trauma to the upper airway?
- A. Pain when talking
- B. Burning in the throat
- C. Increased nasal swelling
- D. Presence of laryngospasm
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Laryngospasm is a serious symptom that requires immediate attention in upper airway trauma. A (pain when talking) and B (burning in the throat) are less urgent. C (increased nasal swelling) is a local finding but not life-threatening.
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If the CO2 concentration in the blood increases, the breathing shall
- A. Increase
- B. Decrease
- C. Stop
- D. No affect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When CO2 concentration in the blood increases, it leads to respiratory acidosis, causing the body to increase breathing rate to expel excess CO2 and restore pH balance. This increase in breathing helps eliminate CO2 through exhalation, thus the correct answer is A.
Choice B is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration triggers an increase in breathing to remove the excess CO2, not decrease it.
Choice C is incorrect because stopping breathing would be life-threatening and is not a physiological response to high CO2 levels.
Choice D is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration does have an effect on breathing rate to maintain homeostasis.
Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed
- A. vital capacity
- B. minimal volume
- C. residual volume
- D. anatomic dead space
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: anatomic dead space. Anatomic dead space refers to the air in the conducting passages (such as trachea, bronchi) that does not reach the alveoli for gas exchange. This space only serves as a pathway for air to move in and out of the lungs. Vital capacity (A) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. Minimal volume (B) is not a recognized term in respiratory physiology. Residual volume (C) is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation and is not specifically related to the air in conducting passages.
While assessing an older adult patient, what finding indicates left-sided heart failure?
- A. Weight gain
- B. Ascites
- C. Crackles
- D. Jugular vein distention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Crackles. Crackles indicate left-sided heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. This occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood, leading to fluid backing up into the lungs. Weight gain (A) may be a general sign of heart failure but is not specific to left-sided failure. Ascites (B) is more indicative of right-sided heart failure, where fluid accumulates in the abdomen. Jugular vein distention (D) is a sign of right-sided heart failure, where blood backs up into the systemic circulation causing jugular vein distention.
The most abundant gas in the earth's atmosphere is
- A. oxygen.
- B. water vapor
- C. argon.
- D. nitrogen.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: nitrogen. Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant gas. This is due to the fact that nitrogen is a chemically stable element that forms diatomic molecules (N2) which are not easily broken down. Oxygen (A) makes up about 21% of the atmosphere, while water vapor (B) and argon (C) are present in much smaller quantities. Therefore, nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere based on its high percentage composition.
Decompression sickness is caused by
- A. a rapid rise of carbon dioxide in the blood.
- B. lack of oxygen in the tissues
- C. bubbles of nitrogen in the blood
- D. glucose deficiency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Decompression sickness occurs when nitrogen bubbles form in the blood due to rapid changes in pressure during ascent. Nitrogen, a major component of air, dissolves in the blood at higher pressure and forms bubbles when pressure decreases. These bubbles can block blood vessels, leading to various symptoms. Choice A is incorrect as it pertains to hypercapnia, not decompression sickness. Choice B is incorrect as decompression sickness is not caused by lack of oxygen but rather by nitrogen bubbles. Choice D is incorrect as glucose deficiency is not related to decompression sickness. Therefore, the correct answer is C, bubbles of nitrogen in the blood.