Nokea
The female sex of the child involves the following during fecundation:
- A. the spermatozoon should contain the X sex chromosome;
- B. the spermatozoon should contain the Y sex chromosome;
- C. the ovule should contain the contain the Y sex chromosome;
- D. the spermatozoon should contain the X sex chromosome and the ovule should contain the contain the X sex chromosome
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because during fecundation, the female sex of the child is determined by the presence of the X sex chromosome in the spermatozoon and the ovule. This leads to the combination of XX chromosomes, resulting in a female child. Choice A (spermatozoon with X chromosome) alone would lead to a female child, but it requires the ovule to also have an X chromosome for the correct combination. Choice B (spermatozoon with Y chromosome) would result in a male child. Choice C (ovule with Y chromosome) is incorrect as the ovule always contains an X chromosome. Thus, the correct combination for a female child is when the spermatozoon contains the X chromosome and the ovule contains the X chromosome.
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The following structures are felt during bimanual pelvic examination
- A. Ovary
- B. Uterus
- C. Fallopian Tube
- D. Cervix
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Uterus. During a bimanual pelvic examination, the examiner can palpate the uterus between their fingers. The uterus is a key structure that can be felt for its size, shape, and position. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, and cervix are not typically felt during a bimanual exam as they are located deeper within the pelvis and are not easily palpable. Palpating the ovaries directly is not typically part of a routine pelvic examination due to their small size and position behind the uterus. The fallopian tubes are also not typically palpable during a bimanual exam as they are located laterally to the uterus. The cervix may be felt during the exam, but it is not the main structure that is typically palpated during a bimanual pelvic examination.
Congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis is called:
- A. Hypospadia
- B. Phimosis
- C. Epispadia
- D. Herpes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypospadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis.
2. This condition results from incomplete closure of the urethral folds during fetal development.
3. Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis.
4. Epispadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the upper surface of the penis.
5. Herpes is a viral infection causing painful sores, but not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Summary: Hypospadias is correct as it matches the description of the condition, while the other choices describe different conditions not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Oestrogen levels in females
- A. rise after puberty and slowly decline through out a females life
- B. rise and fall every month
- C. is at its highest level during gestation
- D. is at its highest level just after birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because oestrogen levels in females rise and fall every month in response to the menstrual cycle. This hormone is produced by the ovaries and plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle. During the menstrual cycle, oestrogen levels increase during the first half of the cycle (follicular phase), peak around ovulation, and then decrease in the second half of the cycle (luteal phase). This cyclical pattern is essential for preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because oestrogen levels do not follow a continuous decline throughout a female's life, peak during gestation, or reach their highest level just after birth.
A 19-yr-old patient calls the school clinic and tells the nurse, “My menstrual period is very heavy this time. I have to change my tampon every 4 hours.” Which action should the nurse take next?
- A. Tell the patient that her flow is not unusually heavy.
- B. Schedule the patient for an appointment later that day.
- C. Ask the patient how heavy her usual menstrual flow is.
- D. Have the patient call again if the heavy flow continues.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ask the patient how heavy her usual menstrual flow is. This is the best course of action as it allows the nurse to gather more information about the patient's menstrual history and determine if the current heavy flow is a deviation from her normal pattern. By obtaining information on the patient's usual menstrual flow, the nurse can assess if the current situation warrants further evaluation or if it falls within the range of normal variability.
Choice A is incorrect because dismissing the patient's concern without further assessment may lead to missing a potential issue. Choice B is not the best immediate action as it does not prioritize gathering more information first. Choice D is also not the optimal choice as it does not address the need for more information to assess the situation accurately.
Which spermatid phase (spermiogenesis) is distinguished by the presence of PAS positive granules called pro acrosomal granules?
- A. Golgi phase
- B. Cap phase
- C. Acrosome phase
- D. Maturation phase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Golgi phase. During the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis, the proacrosomal granules are formed from the Golgi apparatus and are PAS positive. These granules will later contribute to the formation of the acrosome in mature sperm. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cap phase - This phase is characterized by the formation of the acrosomal cap over the nucleus, not the proacrosomal granules.
C: Acrosome phase - This phase involves the elongation and shaping of the acrosome, not the formation of proacrosomal granules.
D: Maturation phase - This phase focuses on the final maturation and condensation of the sperm cell, not the formation of proacrosomal granules.