Nokea
The first permanent tooth to erupt is
- A. central incisor at 6 yr
- B. molar at 6 yr
- C. premolar lower canine at 6-7 yr
- D. upper canine at 6-7 yr
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The first permanent molar typically erupts around 6 years.
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Which of the ff instructions should a nurse give a client with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who is being treated with radiation and chemotherapy?
- A. Increase fluid intake
- B. Intake low-fat meals
- C. Intake soft, bland foods
- D. Intake food rich in folic acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who are undergoing radiation and chemotherapy need to increase their fluid intake to help flush out the toxic byproducts of the treatments from their body. Adequate hydration can also help prevent dehydration, maintain proper kidney function, and alleviate some side effects such as nausea and vomiting. It is important for the nurse to advise the client to drink plenty of water, clear fluids, and electrolyte-rich beverages to support their overall well-being during treatment.
During the first 4 days of hospitalization, Eric, age 18 months, cried inconsolably when his parents left him, and he refused the staff's attention. Now the nurse observes that Eric appears to be "settled in" and unconcerned about seeing his parents. The nurse should interpret this as which statement?
- A. He has successfully adjusted to the hospital environment.
- B. He has transferred his trust to the nursing staff.
- C. He may be experiencing detachment, which is the third stage of separation anxiety.
- D. Because he is "at home" in the hospital now, seeing his mother frequently will only start the cycle again.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Eric's change in behavior from crying inconsolably and refusing staff attention to now appearing settled and unconcerned about his parents leaving indicates that he has successfully adjusted to the hospital environment. This adaptation is a positive sign that Eric has become more comfortable with his surroundings and has developed a sense of security within the hospital setting. As a result, the nurse can interpret this change as Eric successfully acclimating to his new environment.
If a patient has severe hyperkalemia, it is possible to administer calcium gluconate intravenously to:
- A. Immediately lower the potassium level by
- B. Prevent transient renal failure (TRF)
- C. Accomplish all of the above
- D. Antagonize the action of K on the heart
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Calcium gluconate is administered intravenously in the setting of severe hyperkalemia to antagonize the effects of potassium on the heart. Hyperkalemia can lead to dangerous cardiac arrhythmias due to the changes in membrane potential of cardiac cells caused by increased extracellular potassium levels. Administration of calcium gluconate helps stabilize the cardiac cell membrane potential, protecting against the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. It doesn't provide an immediate decrease in serum potassium levels (Choice A) or prevent transient renal failure (TRF) (Choice B). Therefore, the correct answer is D, as calcium gluconate primarily acts to counteract the effects of hyperkalemia on the heart.
A nurse is admitting a child to the hospital with a diagnosis of giardiasis. Which medication should the nurse expect to be prescribed?
- A. Metronidazole (Flagyl)
- B. Amoxicillin clavulanate (Augmentin)
- C. Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
- D. Prednisone (Orapred)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by a protozoan parasite called Giardia lamblia. Metronidazole (Flagyl) is the drug of choice for treating giardiasis in children and adults. It is an antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, including Giardia lamblia. Metronidazole works by disrupting the DNA of the parasite, leading to its death. It is usually well-tolerated and has a high cure rate for giardiasis. Amoxicillin clavulanate (Augmentin) is a combination antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, not parasitic infections like giardiasis. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) is primarily used for treating bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections. Prednisone (Orapred) is a corticosteroid used to reduce
Which type of leukemia has been MOST likely developed in a 2-year-old child with Down syndrome in the neonatal period?
- A. ALL
- B. CML
- C. AML M1
- D. AML M6
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Transient myeloproliferative disorder in neonates with Down syndrome can evolve into AML M6.