Nokea
The following drugs can be used for treatment of diabetes except one:
- A. Insulines
- B. Biguanides
- C. alfa glucosidase inhibitors
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, making it unsuitable for diabetes treatment, unlike the others which lower glucose.
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The typical response to intravenous injection of 5-HT in an anaesthetised animal is:
- A. Rise in BP
- B. Fall in BP
- C. Rise followed by brief fall in BP
- D. Sharp fall, followed by brief rise, followed by prolonged fall in BP
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IV 5-HT (serotonin) typically causes a triphasic BP response in anesthetized animals: an initial sharp fall (vasodilation), a brief rise (vasoconstriction), and a prolonged fall (Bezold-Jarisch reflex).
A nurse is assessing a client's IV infusion site. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication of phlebitis?
- A. Factor
- B. Darkness
- C. Erythema
- D. Coolness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Erythema and pain are classic signs of phlebitis, inflammation of the vein.
Characteristics of vitamin D and its metabolites include which of the following?
- A. Act to decrease serum levels of calcium
- B. Activation of vitamin D receptors in the major cells of
- C. Calcitriol is the major derivative responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of phosphate
- D. Metabolites of vitamin D increase renal excretion of calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.
Idiosyncrasy is:
- A. A genetically determined abnormal reaction to drugs
- B. A characteristic toxic effect at therapeutic doses
- C. An altered physiological state produced by repeated drug use
- D. An immunologically mediated reaction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Idiosyncrasy is a genetically determined unusual response to a drug, e.g., G6PD deficiency with primaquine.
Which aminoglycoside is most commonly used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- A. Amikacin
- B. Streptomycin
- C. Tobramycin
- D. Gentamicin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tobramycin is frequently used in cystic fibrosis patients for its efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often administered via inhalation or IV.