Nokea
The hydrogen ions that form hydrochloric acid of the stomach come from
- A. lactic acid.
- B. carbonic acid.
- C. citric acid.
- D. acetic acid.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is produced when carbon dioxide reacts with water in the stomach, forming hydrogen ions that combine with chloride ions to create hydrochloric acid. Lactic acid (A), citric acid (C), and acetic acid (D) do not directly contribute to the formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Therefore, they are incorrect choices for this question.
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A client with an ileostomy wants to know why to avoid fibrous vegetables. What should be the nurse's response?
- A. They cause gas formation.
- B. They cause stomal obstruction.
- C. They are difficult to digest.
- D. They increase the risk of diarrhea.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because fibrous vegetables can potentially cause stomal obstruction in clients with an ileostomy due to their indigestible nature, leading to blockages in the stoma. This can result in severe complications and require medical intervention. Gas formation (choice A) is a common issue with high-fiber foods but is not specific to fibrous vegetables. Fibrous vegetables are not necessarily difficult to digest (choice C) for most individuals, although they may be harder for those with reduced gut function. While fibrous vegetables may contribute to loose stools, they do not directly increase the risk of diarrhea (choice D) in the same way they can cause stomal obstruction.
Using MyPlate as a guide, what changes could the nurse suggest to bring the man's diet more in line with nutrition recommendations?
- A. Increase fruits and vegetables
- B. Decrease protein intake
- C. Increase fat intake
- D. Increase calorie intake
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increase fruits and vegetables. MyPlate recommends filling half of your plate with fruits and vegetables. By suggesting this change, the nurse can help the man consume more essential nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants. This will improve his overall diet quality. Decreasing protein intake (B) may lead to inadequate protein consumption, which is essential for muscle health. Increasing fat intake (C) may lead to excess calorie intake and weight gain. Increasing calorie intake (D) may not be necessary and could lead to weight gain if not balanced with physical activity.
Which part of the digestive system absorbs most of the vitamins and minerals?
- A. small intestine
- B. large intestine
- C. mouth
- D. esophagus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The small intestine is the correct answer because it is the primary site for nutrient absorption, including vitamins and minerals. It has a large surface area thanks to villi and microvilli, facilitating absorption. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, not vitamins and minerals. The mouth and esophagus are not involved in nutrient absorption but rather in the initial stages of digestion and transportation of food.
You were able to collect the chyme from the small intestine and isolate the various enzymes. Most of the enzymes would have been produced by the
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. small intestine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing various digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and amylases that aid in breaking down nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to further digest chyme. The stomach (A) primarily produces gastric juices, not digestive enzymes. The liver (B) produces bile, which helps in fat digestion but is not classified as an enzyme. The small intestine (D) absorbs nutrients but does not produce the majority of digestive enzymes.
A nurse is assessing a client who has peptic ulcer disease. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as the priority?
- A. Epigastric discomfort
- B. Dyspepsia
- C. Constipation
- D. Hematemesis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Hematemesis. This is the priority finding because it indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which can be life-threatening. The nurse should address this immediately to prevent further complications. Epigastric discomfort (A) and dyspepsia (B) are common symptoms of peptic ulcer disease but do not indicate active bleeding. Constipation (C) is not directly related to peptic ulcer disease and does not pose an immediate threat to the client's health.