Nokea
The inflammatory response produced
- A. by microbial-infected cells
- B. Internal tissue injury
- C. migration of erythrocyts from the spleen
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The inflammatory response can be triggered by microbial-infected cells releasing cytokines, internal tissue injury leading to the release of inflammatory mediators, and the migration of erythrocytes from the spleen in response to inflammation. Therefore, all of the choices - A, B, and C - are correct in contributing to the inflammatory response. Each option plays a role in the complex cascade of events that lead to inflammation.
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Which hypersensitivity type is mediated by T cells?
- A. Type I
- B. Type II
- C. Type III
- D. Type IV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Type IV hypersensitivity. This type is mediated by T cells, specifically CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The process involves antigen-presenting cells activating T cells, leading to a delayed response. Choices A, B, and C involve different mechanisms and are not mediated by T cells. Type I is mediated by IgE antibodies, Type II involves antibody-mediated cell destruction, and Type III involves immune complex deposition. Therefore, Type IV is the only hypersensitivity type directly mediated by T cells.
A cytokine essential for clonal expansion of T cells is
- A. IL-1
- B. IL-2
- C. IL4
- D. IL-5
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IL-2. IL-2 is essential for the clonal expansion of T cells as it promotes T cell proliferation. It is produced by activated T cells themselves and plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses. IL-1 is involved in inflammation, not T cell expansion. IL-4 is important for Th2 cell differentiation, while IL-5 is critical for eosinophil activation. In summary, IL-2 specifically promotes T cell clonal expansion, making it the correct choice in this context.
When the patient asks about the late effects of chemotherapy and high-dose radiation, what areas of teaching should the nurse plan to include when describing these effects?
- A. Third space syndrome
- B. Secondary malignancies
- C. Chronic nausea and vomiting
- D. Persistent myelosuppression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Late effects of chemotherapy and radiation include secondary malignancies due to long-term cellular damage.
What is the primary advantage of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
- A. They are highly specific to individual pathogens
- B. They recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes
- C. They activate B cell antibody production
- D. They require antigen presentation to function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes, allowing for rapid detection of a wide range of pathogens. This recognition triggers immune responses without the need for prior exposure to the specific pathogen. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: TLRs are not highly specific to individual pathogens but rather recognize common patterns.
C: TLRs do not directly activate B cell antibody production; they initiate immune responses by activating various immune cells.
D: TLRs do not require antigen presentation to function; they directly recognize microbial patterns.
Where do T cells mature?
- A. Bone marrow
- B. Thymus
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thymus. T cells mature in the thymus, where they undergo selection and maturation processes essential for their function in the immune system. The thymus provides a specialized environment for T cell development, including positive and negative selection to ensure self-tolerance and functional T cell repertoire.
A: Bone marrow is incorrect because it is the site of B cell maturation, not T cells.
C: Spleen is incorrect as it acts as a secondary lymphoid organ for immune response but not the site of T cell maturation.
D: Lymph nodes are incorrect as they are important for immune surveillance and activation but not the primary site for T cell maturation.