Nokea
Which vitamin is essential in treating osteoporosis?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin D
- C. Vitamin B12
- D. Vitamin C
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin D. Vitamin D is essential in treating osteoporosis because it helps the body absorb calcium, a crucial mineral for bone health. Without sufficient Vitamin D, the body cannot effectively utilize calcium, leading to weakened bones. Vitamin A (Choice A) is not directly linked to osteoporosis treatment. Vitamin B12 (Choice C) is important for red blood cell production but not specifically for osteoporosis. Vitamin C (Choice D) aids in collagen formation but does not play a primary role in treating osteoporosis.
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What are the three main principles of adaptive immunity?
- A. Respond, Replace, Repair
- B. Recognize, Respond, Remember
- C. Resist, Retain, Recruit
- D. React, Replicate, Restore
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The three main principles of adaptive immunity are Recognize, Respond, Remember.
1. Recognize: Immune system identifies specific pathogens through antigen recognition.
2. Respond: Immune response is triggered to eliminate the pathogen.
3. Remember: Immune system forms memory cells for faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
Other options are incorrect:
A: Respond, Replace, Repair - Incorrect as it does not reflect the key processes of adaptive immunity.
C: Resist, Retain, Recruit - Incorrect as these terms do not accurately describe the adaptive immune response.
D: React, Replicate, Restore - Incorrect as it does not encompass the essential principles of adaptive immunity.
The inflammatory response produced
- A. by microbial-infected cells
- B. Internal tissue injury
- C. migration of erythrocyts from the spleen
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The inflammatory response can be triggered by microbial-infected cells releasing cytokines, internal tissue injury leading to the release of inflammatory mediators, and the migration of erythrocytes from the spleen in response to inflammation. Therefore, all of the choices - A, B, and C - are correct in contributing to the inflammatory response. Each option plays a role in the complex cascade of events that lead to inflammation.
Virulence factors can be transferred from pathogenic to non-pathogenic bacterial strains that are part of the normal flora. An example of a commensal bacterial species that has turned into a pathogenic strain is:
- A. E. coli 0157:H7
- B. M. tuberculosis
- C. Group A S. pyogenes
- D. All opportunistic bacterial species
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: E. coli 0157:H7. This strain of E. coli has acquired virulence factors that allow it to cause severe illness in humans, such as bloody diarrhea and kidney failure. The transformation of E. coli from a commensal to a pathogenic strain is well-documented. In contrast, choices B and C involve species that are inherently pathogenic and not commensal. Choice D is too broad and includes a wide range of bacterial species that do not necessarily originate from the normal flora. Therefore, E. coli 0157:H7 is the best example of a commensal bacterium that has turned pathogenic due to the acquisition of virulence factors.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a disease caused by:
- A. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus
- B. One of several inherited genetic mutations
- C. Deficiency of both innate and adaptive immune components
- D. Deficiency of hematopoietic stem cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: SCID is a genetic disorder affecting the immune system.
Step 2: Inherited genetic mutations cause abnormalities in immune cells.
Step 3: These mutations lead to severe deficiencies in immune function.
Step 4: Choice B accurately reflects the genetic basis of SCID.
Summary: Choice A is incorrect because SCID is not caused by HIV. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the immune deficiencies in SCID. Choice D is incorrect because SCID primarily affects immune cells, not stem cells.
When the patient asks about the late effects of chemotherapy and high-dose radiation, what areas of teaching should the nurse plan to include when describing these effects?
- A. Third space syndrome
- B. Secondary malignancies
- C. Chronic nausea and vomiting
- D. Persistent myelosuppression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Late effects of chemotherapy and radiation include secondary malignancies due to long-term cellular damage.