Nokea
What is hyperkalemia frequently associated with?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Respiratory alkalosis
- D. Decreased urine potassium levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis increases hydrogen ion exchange for potassium in cells, releasing potassium into the bloodstream and causing hyperkalemia.
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T regulatory cells are NOT
- A. Generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3
- B. Generated in the periphery in response to cytokines
- C. Able to inhibit effector T cells
- D. Able to cause immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because T regulatory cells are known to suppress immune responses and promote immune tolerance, which is opposite to causing immunity. Choice A is incorrect because T regulatory cells are indeed generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3. Choice B is incorrect as T regulatory cells can also be generated in the periphery in response to cytokines. Choice C is incorrect as T regulatory cells are known to inhibit effector T cells to regulate immune responses.
Which characteristics are seen with acute transplant rejection (select all that apply)?
- A. Treatment is supportive
- B. Only occurs with transplanted kidneys
- C. Organ must be removed when it occurs
- D. The recipient’s T cytotoxic lymphocytes attack the foreign organ
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acute transplant rejection involves the recipient's T cytotoxic lymphocytes attacking the transplanted organ, requiring immunosuppressive therapy.
What is the medical term for an abnormal accumulation of blood in a tissue or organ?
- A. Hematoma
- B. Thrombosis
- C. Embolus
- D. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hematoma. A hematoma is an abnormal collection of blood within tissues. This occurs due to broken blood vessels and can lead to swelling and localized pain. Thrombosis (B) is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, not an accumulation of blood in tissue. An embolus (C) is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and gets lodged in a blood vessel. Hemorrhage (D) refers to the excessive bleeding from blood vessels. In this case, the most appropriate term for an abnormal accumulation of blood in a tissue is hematoma.
Which of the following statements about the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is NOT true
- A. Caused by a virus originated from 4 different strains
- B. Individuals over 60 were especially affected
- C. A level 6 pandemic phase was declared by WHO in June 2009
- D. 2009 H1N1 is considered moderately virulent in terms of severity of disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Individuals over 60 were not especially affected by the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. This is because older individuals had some level of immunity due to previous exposure to similar strains. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The 2009 H1N1 virus originated from a combination of 2 different strains, not 4. C: WHO declared a level 6 pandemic phase in June 2009. D: The 2009 H1N1 virus was considered less virulent compared to other strains.
Class switching of immunoglobulins occurs
- A. Usually with booster immunizations, going from IgM to IgG
- B. binds complement
- C. causes the histamine release
- D. mediates immunoglobulin class switching
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because class switching of immunoglobulins typically occurs during an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies of different classes like IgM to IgG. This process helps enhance the immune response and memory. Choice B, binding complement, refers to the function of antibodies in the classical pathway of the complement system, not class switching. Choice C, causing histamine release, is typically associated with IgE antibodies in allergic reactions, not class switching. Choice D, mediating immunoglobulin class switching, is too vague and does not provide a clear explanation compared to choice A.