Nokea
What is the medical term for an abnormal accumulation of blood in a tissue or organ?
- A. Hematoma
- B. Thrombosis
- C. Embolus
- D. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hematoma. A hematoma is an abnormal collection of blood within tissues. This occurs due to broken blood vessels and can lead to swelling and localized pain. Thrombosis (B) is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, not an accumulation of blood in tissue. An embolus (C) is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and gets lodged in a blood vessel. Hemorrhage (D) refers to the excessive bleeding from blood vessels. In this case, the most appropriate term for an abnormal accumulation of blood in a tissue is hematoma.
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A major antibody-mediated mechanism of defense against parasitic worms involves:
- A. Neutrophil degranulation
- B. Opsonization
- C. Triggering of physiological responses (such as coughing) that expel the worm
- D. Neutralization by IgE along the mucosal surface of the gut
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because neutralization by IgE along the mucosal surface of the gut is a major antibody-mediated mechanism against parasitic worms. IgE binds to antigens on the worm's surface, leading to the release of histamine and other mediators that help expel the worm. Neutrophil degranulation (A) is more associated with bacterial infections, opsonization (B) is mainly for phagocytosis of pathogens, and triggering physiological responses (C) is not a direct antibody-mediated defense against parasitic worms.
What is hyperkalemia frequently associated with?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Respiratory alkalosis
- D. Decreased urine potassium levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis increases hydrogen ion exchange for potassium in cells, releasing potassium into the bloodstream and causing hyperkalemia.
Which of the following is the main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts?
- A. Because older clients lack in balanced diet and activity
- B. Because older clients lack knowledge about disorders
- C. Because older clients have a faster progression of disease
- D. Because older clients do not generally adhere to a therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Older clients with AIDS often experience a faster progression of the disease due to age-related declines in immune function.
The patient is transferring from another facility with the description of a sore on her sacrum that is deep enough to see the muscle. What stage of pressure ulcer does the nurse expect to see on admission?
- A. Stage I
- B. Stage II
- C. Stage III
- D. Stage IV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stage IV pressure ulcers involve full-thickness tissue loss, exposing muscle, tendon, or bone.
Class switching of immunoglobulins occurs
- A. Usually with booster immunizations, going from IgM to IgG
- B. binds complement
- C. causes the histamine release
- D. mediates immunoglobulin class switching
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because class switching of immunoglobulins typically occurs during an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies of different classes like IgM to IgG. This process helps enhance the immune response and memory. Choice B, binding complement, refers to the function of antibodies in the classical pathway of the complement system, not class switching. Choice C, causing histamine release, is typically associated with IgE antibodies in allergic reactions, not class switching. Choice D, mediating immunoglobulin class switching, is too vague and does not provide a clear explanation compared to choice A.