Nokea
The nurse realizes that the patient understands the teaching about decreasing the risk for antibiotic-resistant infection when the patient says which of the following?
- A. I know I should take the antibiotic for one day after I feel better.
- B. I want an antibiotic ordered for my cold so I can feel better sooner.
- C. I always save some pills because I get the illness again after I first feel better.
- D. I will follow the directions for taking the antibiotic so I will get over this infection.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Following the prescribed regimen ensures complete eradication of the infection and reduces the risk of resistance development.
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What role do cytokines play in innate immunity?
- A. They directly kill pathogens
- B. They act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses
- C. They only function in adaptive immunity
- D. They inhibit phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because cytokines act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses in innate immunity. They help regulate inflammation, activate immune cells, and promote clearance of pathogens. Option A is incorrect because cytokines do not directly kill pathogens. Option C is incorrect as cytokines play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Option D is incorrect because cytokines do not inhibit phagocytosis; instead, they enhance this process to help eliminate pathogens.
You are working in an AIDS hospice facility that is also staffed with LPNs and nursing assistants. Which of these nursing actions is best to delegate to an LPN you are supervising?
- A. Assess patients’ nutritional needs and individualize diet plans to improve nutrition.
- B. Collect data about the patients’ response to medications used for pain and anorexia.
- C. Teach the nursing assistants about how to lower the risk for spreading infections.
- D. Assist patients with personal hygiene and other activities of daily living as needed.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: LPNs are trained to collect data and monitor patients’ responses to medications which is within their scope of practice. Assessing nutritional needs and teaching about infection control are more complex tasks that typically require the expertise of an RN. Assisting with personal hygiene is usually delegated to nursing assistants.
The earliest event of an inflammatory response is
- A. Release of chemokines
- B. Recruitment of neutrophils
- C. Activation of adaptive immunity
- D. Activation of TLRs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Activation of TLRs. The earliest event in an inflammatory response is the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This triggers a signaling cascade leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which then recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Activation of adaptive immunity (choice C) occurs later in the immune response, as it involves the activation of T and B cells. While chemokines (choice A) are involved in recruiting immune cells, their release is a consequence of TLR activation. Neutrophils (choice B) are recruited after the release of chemokines.
Which condition is caused by a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Anaphylaxis
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Grave's disease
- D. Goodpasture's syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sarcoidosis. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by T cells and are characterized by delayed onset inflammatory responses. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease where T cells form granulomas in affected tissues. Anaphylaxis (A) is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE antibodies. Grave's disease (C) is an autoimmune disorder caused by Type II hypersensitivity reaction mediated by antibodies. Goodpasture's syndrome (D) is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction involving antibodies attacking basement membranes. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it fits the characteristics of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Compared to antibodies produced in a primary response to a given antigen, the antibodies produced in a memory response are typically:
- A. More likely to be IgM
- B. More likely to be IgG, IgA and/or IgE
- C. Of lower affinity
- D. Two of these responses are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Memory response produces antibodies of higher affinity due to affinity maturation.
Step 2: Memory response involves class switching, leading to production of IgG, IgA, and IgE.
Step 3: IgM is predominant in primary response, but memory response shifts towards other classes.
Summary: Choice B is correct as memory response produces antibodies of higher affinity and different classes. Choices A and C are incorrect as memory response does not typically result in more IgM or lower affinity antibodies. Choice D is incorrect as only choice B is accurate.