Immune System Disorders Quizlet

Immune System Disorders Quizlet Related

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What determines a cell's response to a specific cytokine?

  • A. The amount of antigen present
  • B. The type of pathogen encountered
  • C. The specific cytokine receptors expressed on the cell
  • D. The tissue location of the immune cell
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because a cell's response to a specific cytokine is determined by the specific cytokine receptors expressed on the cell. Cytokine receptors are proteins on the cell surface that bind to specific cytokines, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that lead to various cellular responses. The amount of antigen present (A) is related to the initiation of the immune response but not the cell's response to cytokines. The type of pathogen encountered (B) may influence the overall immune response but not the specific response to cytokines. The tissue location of the immune cell (D) can affect the types of cytokines present in the microenvironment but does not directly determine the cell's response to a specific cytokine.

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A confirmatory lab test for HIV includes:

  • A. Western blot.
  • B. Low WBC.
  • C. Comprehensive metabolic panel.
  • D. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The Western blot test is considered the gold standard for confirming HIV infection after initial screening tests like ELISA. Low WBC and comprehensive metabolic panels are not specific to HIV diagnosis.

A patient with wheezing and coughing caused by an allergic reaction to penicillin is admitted to the emergency department (ED). Which of these medications do you anticipate administering first?

  • A. methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) 100 mg IV
  • B. cromolyn sodium (Intal) 20 mg per nebulizer
  • C. albuterol (Proventil) 0.5 mL per nebulizer
  • D. aminophylline 500 mg IV over 20 minutes
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Albuterol is a bronchodilator that acts quickly to relieve wheezing and coughing caused by bronchospasm. It is the first-line treatment for acute allergic reactions affecting the airways. The other medications may be used as adjuncts but are not as immediately effective in relieving bronchospasm.

Treatment with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and a protease inhibitor (PI) is prescribed for a patient with HIV infection who has a CD4+ T-cell count of <400/µL. The patient asks why so many drugs are necessary for treatment. What should the nurse explain as the primary rationale for combination therapy?

  • A. Cross-resistance between specific antiretroviral drugs is reduced when drugs are given in combination.
  • B. Combinations of antiretroviral drugs decrease the potential for development of antiretroviral-resistant HIV variants.
  • C. Side effects of the drugs are reduced when smaller doses of three different drugs are used rather than large doses of one drug.
  • D. When CD4+ T-cell counts are <500/µL, a combination of drugs that have different actions is more effective in slowing HIV growth.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Combination therapy minimizes the chance of developing resistant HIV strains by targeting the virus at multiple points in its lifecycle.

Which characteristics are seen with acute transplant rejection (select all that apply)?

  • A. Treatment is supportive
  • B. Only occurs with transplanted kidneys
  • C. Organ must be removed when it occurs
  • D. The recipient’s T cytotoxic lymphocytes attack the foreign organ
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acute transplant rejection involves the recipient's T cytotoxic lymphocytes attacking the transplanted organ, requiring immunosuppressive therapy.

How does interferon help the body’s natural defenses?

  • A. Directly attacks and destroys virus-infected cells
  • B. Augments the immune response by activating phagocytes
  • C. Induces production of antiviral proteins in cells that prevent viral replication
  • D. Is produced by viral infected cells and prevents the transmission of the virus to adjacent cells
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Interferons induce the production of antiviral proteins in uninfected cells, preventing viral replication and spread.

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