Nokea
What is an example of an IV solution that would be appropriate to treat an extracellular fluid volume deficit?
- A. D5W
- B. 3% saline
- C. Lactated Ringer’s solution
- D. D5W in ½ normal saline (0.45%)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lactated Ringer’s solution replenishes extracellular fluids and electrolytes effectively.
You may also like to solve these questions
All of the following are true with respect to IgE molecules, EXCEPT which one?
- A. They are the principal immunoglobulin class involved in allergic reactions.
- B. They are involved in mediating anti-parasitic immune responses.
- C. They will cross the placenta and fix complement.
- D. They can effect the release of histamine and other chemical mediators.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. IgE molecules do not cross the placenta and fix complement, unlike IgG. IgE is the principal immunoglobulin in allergic reactions (A), mediates anti-parasitic immune responses (B), and triggers the release of histamine and other mediators (D). IgE plays a specific role in allergic responses and defense against parasites. IgG is the main immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and fixes complement. Therefore, IgE does not share this function.
The process of somatic hypermutation:
- A. Can lead to the formation of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen
- B. Occurs mainly in the CDR regions of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes
- C. Occurs in germinal centres
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because somatic hypermutation can lead to the formation of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen by introducing point mutations in the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. This process mainly occurs in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, which are critical for antigen binding. Somatic hypermutation takes place in the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs, where B cells undergo rapid proliferation and selection based on antigen binding affinity. Therefore, all the statements in choices A, B, and C are correct, making option D the right answer.
Which of the following are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues?
- A. naïve lymphocytes
- B. Hematopoietic stem cells
- C. Dendritic cells
- D. Antigen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Hematopoietic stem cells are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues because they are located in the bone marrow where they give rise to various blood cells. In contrast, secondary lymphoid tissues like lymph nodes and spleen primarily consist of mature immune cells and support immune responses. Naïve lymphocytes (A), dendritic cells (C), and antigens (D) are commonly found in secondary lymphoid tissues as they play crucial roles in the immune response.
The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane contains:
- A. ester-linked phospholipids, but no sterols
- B. ester-linked phospholipids and sterols
- C. ether-linked phospholipids, but no sterols
- D. ether-linked phospholipids, sulfolipids, and glycolipids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because bacterial cytoplasmic membranes typically contain ester-linked phospholipids but no sterols. Ester-linked phospholipids are the main component of bacterial cell membranes, providing structure and function. Sterols, like cholesterol, are not commonly found in bacterial membranes. Choice B is incorrect because sterols are not present in bacterial membranes. Choice C is incorrect because ether-linked phospholipids are more commonly found in archaea, not bacteria. Choice D is incorrect because sulfolipids and glycolipids are not primary components of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes.
What is the role of innate immunity in relation to adaptive immunity?
- A. It suppresses adaptive immunity
- B. It instructs and activates adaptive immunity
- C. It replaces adaptive immunity during infections
- D. It functions independently of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immunity instructs and activates adaptive immunity. Innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against pathogens, recognizing and initiating a response to pathogens. It then communicates with adaptive immunity, providing signals and antigens to activate and guide the adaptive immune response. This collaboration is crucial for the effective elimination of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because innate immunity does not suppress, replace, or function independently of adaptive immunity; rather, they work together in a coordinated manner to provide a comprehensive immune response.