Nokea
The innate immune system is always working to protect the body and does not require any special preparation to stop infection:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Both answers can be correct depending on the given situation
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against infections and is always active, providing immediate protection without prior exposure to a specific pathogen. It includes physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, and cellular components like phagocytes and natural killer cells. The innate immune response is nonspecific and rapid, providing a crucial initial defense against pathogens.
Choice B is incorrect because the innate immune system is always active, even without any prior exposure to pathogens. Choice C is incorrect because the innate immune system is consistently functioning to protect the body, regardless of the situation. Choice D is incorrect as the correct answer is A.
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The human pinworm Enterobius vermicularis lives in the __________ of humans.
- A. duodenum
- B. ileum
- C. transverse colon
- D. rectum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: rectum. Pinworms typically inhabit the rectum area in humans, where they lay their eggs. This is because the female pinworm migrates to the rectum at night to deposit her eggs near the anus. Other choices are incorrect because pinworms do not reside in the duodenum (A), ileum (B), or transverse colon (C) as their primary location is in the lower gastrointestinal tract near the anus.
A patient working at a pig farm complains about paroxysmal abdominal pain, liquid feces with admixtures of mucus and blood, headache, weakness, fever. Examination of large intestine revealed ulcers from 1 mm up to several cm large, feces contained oval unicellular organisms with cilia. What disease should be suspected?
- A. Balantidiasis
- B. Amebiasis
- C. Toxoplasmosis
- D. Lambliasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The symptoms described are consistent with Balantidiasis, caused by the parasite Balantidium coli. The presence of ciliated oval organisms in the feces is characteristic of this disease. Ulcers in the large intestine are common in Balantidiasis due to tissue invasion by the parasite. Headache, fever, and abdominal pain are typical symptoms. Other choices can be ruled out: B) Amebiasis presents with similar symptoms but usually involves the liver. C) Toxoplasmosis typically presents with lymphadenopathy and flu-like symptoms. D) Lambliasis usually causes watery diarrhea without blood or mucus. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Balantidiasis.
Viruses cannot multiply in:
- A. Artificial nutrient media
- B. Living cells
- C. Human embryonic cells
- D. Bacteria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Artificial nutrient media. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they require living host cells to replicate. They cannot multiply in artificial nutrient media as they lack the cellular machinery necessary for viral replication. Living cells, including human embryonic cells and bacteria, provide the required cellular environment for viruses to replicate. Therefore, options B, C, and D are incorrect as they all contain living cells that can support viral multiplication.
In which of the following GIT infections, the bacteria adhere to the intestine wall and damage the microvilli:
- A. Enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC)
- B. Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)
- C. Enterotoxigenic E Coli (ETEC)
- D. Enteroinvasive E Coli (EIEC)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC). EPEC bacteria adhere to the intestine wall using a protein called intimin, leading to microvilli damage. This attachment disrupts the normal absorption function of the intestine.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) primarily causes bloody diarrhea and does not specifically target microvilli.
C: Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC) produces toxins that lead to watery diarrhea but does not directly target microvilli.
D: Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC) invades and replicates within intestinal cells, causing inflammatory diarrhea, but does not specifically damage microvilli.
Streptococci are:
- A. Gram-positive, short rod shaped bacteria and size 4-6 µm
- B. Gram-negative, rounded or lanceolate shape and size 0,5-1 µm
- C. Gram-negative, short rod shaped bacteria and size 4-6 µm
- D. Gram-positive, spherical or lanceolate shape and size 0,5-1 µm
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria, typically spherical in shape, and range from 0.5-1 µm in size.
A is incorrect as streptococci are not rod-shaped and are usually smaller in size. B is incorrect as they are not Gram-negative and are not typically of such small size.
C is incorrect as streptococci are not Gram-negative and are not usually rod-shaped. Thus, based on their characteristics, the correct answer is D.