Nokea
The intracranial pressure is decreased by:
- A. intravenous mannitol
- B. placing the patient in a head-up position
- C. hyperventilation
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be reduced by intravenous mannitol (an osmotic diuretic), placing the patient in a head-up position (to improve venous drainage), and hyperventilation (which reduces CO2 levels and causes cerebral vasoconstriction). All these methods are clinically used to manage elevated ICP.
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The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ______ while the shallow grooves are termed ______.
- A. sulci; gyri
- B. gyri; sulci
- C. ganglia; gyri
- D. tracts; ganglia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated ridges on the cerebral hemispheres are called gyri, and the shallow grooves are called sulci. Ganglia, tracts, receptors, and effectors are unrelated to these structures. Thus, B is the correct answer.
The client newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) states, 'I don't understand how I got multiple sclerosis. Is it genetic?' On which statement should the nurse base the response?
- A. Genetics may play a role in susceptibility to MS, but the disease may be caused by a virus.
- B. There is no evidence suggesting there is any chromosomal involvement in developing MS.
- C. Multiple sclerosis is caused by a recessive gene, so both parents had to have the gene for the client to get MS.
- D. Multiple sclerosis is caused by an autosomal dominant gene on the Y chromosome, so only fathers can pass it on.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: MS has a genetic component that increases susceptibility, but environmental factors, such as viral infections, also play a significant role in its development.
What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?
- A. norepinephrine
- B. acetylcholine
- C. epinephrine
- D. serotonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for causing constriction of the pupil. When acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors in the eye muscles, it triggers the muscles to contract, leading to pupil constriction. Norepinephrine (choice A) and epinephrine (choice C) are both involved in the fight-or-flight response and dilate the pupils. Serotonin (choice D) does not directly affect pupil constriction.
The nurse is assisting a neurologist with assessment of a patient with facial muscle weakness. When the neurologist asks the patient to identify different odors, which nerve is being tested?
- A. II (optic)
- B. X (vagus)
- C. I (olfactory)
- D. VIII (acoustic)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cranial nerve I (olfactory) is responsible for the sense of smell and is tested when a patient is asked to identify odors. Cranial nerves II, VIII, and X are involved in vision, hearing, and autonomic functions, respectively. Assessing the olfactory nerve is important for evaluating cranial nerve function.
When the individual is be unable to recognise everyday objects and name them correctly, this is known as
- A. Prosopagnosia
- B. Anomia
- C. Agnosia
- D. Aphosonomia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Agnosia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize or identify objects, people, sounds, or shapes, despite having intact sensory abilities. This condition arises from damage to specific areas of the brain responsible for processing sensory information. Agnosia can manifest in various forms, such as visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects) or auditory agnosia (inability to recognize sounds).