Nokea
The islets of Langerhans:
- A. are cells found in the adenohypophysis.
- B. secrete insulin and glucagon.
- C. secrete steroids.
- D. secrete releasing hormones.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas.
Step 2: These cells secrete insulin to lower blood sugar levels and glucagon to raise blood sugar levels.
Step 3: Therefore, choice B is correct as it accurately describes the function of the islets of Langerhans.
Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as islets of Langerhans are not found in the adenohypophysis, do not secrete steroids, and do not secrete releasing hormones.
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We want to prescribe scopolamine, as a transdermal drug delivery system (skin patch), for a patient who will be leaving for an expensive cruise and is very susceptible to motion sickness. For which of the following co-morbidities is scopolamine contraindicated?
- A. Angle-closure (narrow-angle) glaucoma
- B. Bradycardia
- C. History of shellfish allergies
- D. Resting blood pressure of 112/70
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angle-closure (narrow-angle) glaucoma. Scopolamine, an anticholinergic medication, can worsen angle-closure glaucoma by causing pupil dilation leading to increased intraocular pressure. This can result in a sudden and severe increase in eye pressure, leading to potential vision loss. Therefore, it is contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma.
B: Bradycardia is not a contraindication for scopolamine use as it may actually help in treating motion sickness.
C: History of shellfish allergies is not a contraindication for scopolamine as the medication is not derived from shellfish and is safe for patients with this allergy.
D: Resting blood pressure of 112/70 is not a contraindication for scopolamine use as it falls within the normal range and should not pose any significant risk.
All of the following are cardiovascular actions of noradrenaline EXCEPT:
- A. Increases systolic blood pressure
- B. Increases diastolic blood pressure
- C. Reflex bradycardia
- D. Constriction of coronary blood vessels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Noradrenaline acts on alpha receptors in the cardiovascular system, leading to increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It also causes reflex bradycardia by activating baroreceptors. However, noradrenaline does not directly constrict coronary blood vessels, as it primarily acts on alpha receptors and not on coronary vessels. This lack of direct effect on coronary blood vessels is why option D is the correct answer.
Which of the following is least associated with the adrenal medulla?
- A. Catecholamines
- B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- C. Fight-or-flight response
- D. Sugar, salt, and sex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adrenal medulla is primarily involved in the production of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are associated with the fight-or-flight response. This response is triggered by stress and prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow. On the other hand, the regulation of sugar, salt, and sex hormones is mainly controlled by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Therefore, while choices A, B, and C are directly related to the adrenal medulla's function, choice D is least associated with it.
What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?
- A. High blood pressure
- B. Low level of potassium in the blood
- C. Low blood volume and hypotension
- D. Goiter formation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Aldosterone regulates sodium and water balance in the body.
2. Deficiency leads to decreased sodium reabsorption, causing low blood volume.
3. Low blood volume results in hypotension due to reduced blood flow to tissues.
4. Choices A and B are incorrect as aldosterone deficiency does not cause high blood pressure or low potassium levels.
5. Choice D is incorrect as goiter formation is mainly related to thyroid hormone imbalance, not aldosterone deficiency.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK) is one complication of diabetes. Symptoms include
- A. hypertension
- B. bradycardia
- C. polyuria
- D. Kussmaul respirations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polyuria is a characteristic symptom of HHNK, along with hyperglycemia and severe dehydration.