Nokea
The knows that a positive diagnosis for HIV infection is made based on; a.A history of high-risk sexual behaviors
- A. Positive ELISA and Western blot tests
- B. Evidence of extreme weight loss and high fever
- C. Identification of an associated opportunistic infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The definitive diagnosis of HIV infection is made based on the detection of specific antibodies in the blood. The most commonly used tests for this purpose are ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and Western blot. A positive result on both tests confirms the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood, indicating an active HIV infection. High-risk sexual behaviors, extreme weight loss, and opportunistic infections may raise suspicion for HIV infection, but a positive diagnosis is confirmed through specific laboratory tests like ELISA and Western blot.
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Five girls were victims of wasp and bee bites. Emergency treatment for these includes:
- A. A poultice of sodium bicarbonate and water may give relief
- B. A weak solution of household ammonia also decreases pain and is safe to use
- C. A and B are correct
- D. None of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: For emergency treatment of wasp and bee bites, it is essential to follow evidence-based guidelines. The options provided, using a poultice of sodium bicarbonate and water or a weak solution of household ammonia, are not considered effective or safe treatments for wasp and bee stings. The recommended first aid treatment for wasp and bee stings includes:
A client is undergoing test for multiple myeloma. Diagnostic study findings in multiple Myeloma includes:
- A. A decreased serum creatinine level.
- B. Bence jones protein in the urine.
- C. Hypocalcemia.
- D. A low serum protein level.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Diagnostic study findings in multiple myeloma often include the presence of Bence Jones protein in the urine. Bence Jones protein is a type of abnormal protein (immunoglobulin light chain) produced by the abnormal plasma cells in multiple myeloma. Its presence in the urine can be detected through urine protein electrophoresis and is a characteristic feature of the disease. Other common findings in multiple myeloma include hypercalcemia, elevated serum creatinine level, and high serum protein level due to the excess production of monoclonal immunoglobulins.
The nurse is teaching parents about prevention of urinary tract infections in children. Which factor predisposes the urinary tract to infection?
- A. Increased fluid intake
- B. Short urethra in young girls
- C. Prostatic secretions in males
- D. Frequent emptying of the bladder
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: One of the factors that predisposes the urinary tract to infection is a short urethra in young girls. The shorter urethra compared to boys makes it easier for bacteria to travel up the urinary tract and cause infections. This anatomical difference in young girls increases their susceptibility to urinary tract infections compared to boys. In boys, the longer length of the urethra provides a natural barrier for bacteria to enter the bladder, reducing the risk of infection.
While caring for a critically ill child, the nurse observes that respirations are gradually increasing in rate and depth, with periods of apnea. What pattern of respiration will the nurse document?
- A. Dyspnea
- B. Tachypnea
- C. Cheyne-Stokes respirations
- D. Seesaw (paradoxic) respirations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by periods of apnea. This cyclic pattern of respiration is often seen in critically ill patients and can be a sign of serious neurological or cardiac dysfunction. The nurse should document Cheyne-Stokes respirations when observing this specific breathing pattern in the child described in the scenario.
Which of the ff is a sign or symptom characteristic of the later stages of TB?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Anorexia
- C. Hemoptysis
- D. Weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hemoptysis, which refers to coughing up blood, is a sign characteristic of the later stages of tuberculosis (TB). This symptom occurs when there is significant damage to the lungs due to the progression of the disease. Hemoptysis in TB can indicate advanced disease and the presence of cavities in the lungs where blood vessels may become eroded. It is a serious symptom that often requires immediate medical attention. While fatigue, anorexia, and weight loss are common symptoms of TB, hemoptysis specifically points towards the later stages of the disease and severe lung involvement.