Nokea
The liberation of proteins to free amino acids (final digestive step) occur in all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. enterocyte cytoplasm
- B. brush border
- C. small intestine lumen
- D. stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: stomach. Proteins are broken down into amino acids through the process of digestion. In the stomach, proteins are broken down into smaller peptides, not free amino acids. The final step of liberating proteins into free amino acids occurs in the enterocyte cytoplasm, where absorbed nutrients are further processed. The brush border of the small intestine is where the final stages of digestion take place before absorption. The small intestine lumen is the space where digestion occurs, but the actual liberation of proteins into free amino acids happens in the enterocyte cytoplasm.
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Atropine has the following pharmacological effects EXCEPT:
- A. It increases the heart rate
- B. Stimulates the respiratory center
- C. Has a mydriatic effect
- D. Produces bronchoconstriction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Atropine does not produce bronchoconstriction. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine, leading to increased heart rate (A), stimulation of the respiratory center (B), and mydriatic effect (C). Bronchoconstriction is not a pharmacological effect of atropine because it actually helps dilate the bronchi, making it a useful treatment in cases of bronchospasm.
A drug useful in the treatment of acute attack of migraine is:
- A. Sumatriptan
- B. Ergometrine
- C. Dihydroergometrine
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sumatriptan is the correct answer for treating acute migraine attacks as it is a specific serotonin receptor agonist that helps constrict blood vessels in the brain. Ergometrine and dihydroergometrine are ergot alkaloids used for other conditions, not migraine. Propranolol is a beta-blocker used for migraine prevention, not acute attacks.
The female patient is admitted with a new diagnosis of Cushing syndrome with elevated serum and urine cortisol levels. Which assessment findings should the nurse expect to see in this patient?
- A. Hair loss and moon face
- B. Decreased weight and hirsutism
- C. Decreased muscle mass and thick skin
- D. Elevated blood pressure and blood glucose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In Cushing syndrome, elevated cortisol levels often lead to elevated blood pressure and blood glucose levels.
Which of the following hormones exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of ACTH?
- A. PTH
- B. Glucagon
- C. Cortisol
- D. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cortisol. Cortisol exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of ACTH by inhibiting the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, respectively. This feedback loop helps regulate the body's stress response and maintain hormone levels within a normal range.
A: PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) does not directly regulate the secretion of ACTH.
B: Glucagon regulates blood sugar levels and does not directly affect ACTH secretion.
D: Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the hormone that stimulates the release of ACTH, so it does not exert negative feedback control on ACTH secretion.
Underproduction of growth hormone during the growing years produces ______.
- A. myxedema.
- B. gigantism.
- C. pituitary dwarfism.
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pituitary dwarfism. Growth hormone deficiency during growing years results in pituitary dwarfism due to stunted growth. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, not growth hormone deficiency. Gigantism (choice B) occurs due to excessive growth hormone production in childhood. Acromegaly (choice D) is caused by excess growth hormone in adulthood, not during the growing years. Thus, choice C is the most appropriate based on the impact of growth hormone deficiency on growth during childhood.