Nokea
The main feature of Hyperemesis gravidarum is
- A. Pallor or cyanosis of mucous membrane
- B. Inability to eat or retain food all through
- C. Weakness because of severe state of shock
- D. Smaller fundal height compared to dates
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Step 2: Inability to eat or retain food all through is a hallmark feature due to excessive vomiting.
Step 3: This leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss.
Step 4: Pallor, cyanosis, weakness, and smaller fundal height are not specific to hyperemesis gravidarum.
Summary: Choice B is correct as it directly relates to the primary symptom of excessive vomiting in hyperemesis gravidarum, while the other choices are not specific to this condition.
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How does gestational diabetes impact fetal development?
- A. Causes macrosomia
- B. Leads to congenital anomalies
- C. Reduces fetal movements
- D. Increases risk of preterm birth
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gestational diabetes can lead to macrosomia, which is excessive fetal growth due to high blood sugar levels in the mother. This occurs as the fetus receives excess glucose from the mother, resulting in increased fat deposition and larger birth weight. Congenital anomalies (B) are not directly caused by gestational diabetes but by genetic or environmental factors. Reduced fetal movements (C) are not a typical effect of gestational diabetes. While gestational diabetes can increase the risk of preterm birth (D), the primary impact on fetal development is macrosomia.
T. G. is a 48-year-old female who presents with biliary colic. She has had previous episodes but has resisted operation because she is afraid of anesthesia. Today her physical exam reveals a clearly distressed middle-aged female with right upper quadrant pain, nausea, and vomiting. Which of the following findings suggests a complication that requires a surgical evaluation?
- A. A temperature of 101.5°F
- B. A leukocyte count of 18,000/µL
- C. A palpable gallbladder
- D. A positive Murphy’s sign
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: A temperature of 101.5°F. A fever indicates an inflammatory response, which could be due to a complication like cholecystitis or cholangitis. Elevated leukocyte count (choice B) supports infection but is not as specific as a fever. Palpable gallbladder (choice C) may suggest inflammation but not necessarily a complication. A positive Murphy's sign (choice D) is indicative of gallbladder inflammation but does not directly indicate a complication requiring surgical evaluation.
Which of the following is highly associated with preterm babies?
- A. Social habits
- B. Genetic factors
- C. Multiple gestation
- D. Chronic conditions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Multiple gestation. Preterm birth is more common in multiple gestation pregnancies due to the increased strain on the mother's uterus and cervix. This can lead to early labor and delivery. Social habits (choice A) and genetic factors (choice B) may play a role in preterm birth but are not highly associated. Chronic conditions (choice D) can also contribute to preterm birth, but multiple gestation is a stronger predictor.
A non-pharmacological measure of pain relief in labour includes
- A. Entonox
- B. Cyclothane
- C. Homeopathy
- D. Diamorphine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Homeopathy. Homeopathy involves using highly diluted substances to stimulate the body's natural healing processes. In labor, homeopathy can help manage pain and support relaxation. Entonox (A) and Diamorphine (D) are pharmacological measures, while Cyclothane (B) is not a recognized pain relief option in labor. Homeopathy aligns with non-pharmacological approaches, making it the most suitable choice for pain relief in labor.
Intraperitoneal uterine rupture involves
- A. A tear of endometrium, myometrium & peritoneum
- B. A tear of the endometrium, myometrium & basal layer
- C. A tear of the endometrium, capsular layer & myometrium
- D. A tear of the endometrium, spongy layer & myometrium only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because intraperitoneal uterine rupture involves a tear that goes through all layers of the uterus - endometrium, myometrium, and peritoneum. This type of rupture extends beyond the muscular layer of the uterus and into the peritoneal cavity. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not include the peritoneum, which is a key component of intraperitoneal uterine rupture. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the layers involved in this type of rupture.