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What are the benefits of ultrasound in monitoring fetal growth?
- A. Detects fetal anomalies
- B. Monitors placental health
- C. Assesses amniotic fluid levels
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Ultrasound in monitoring fetal growth can detect fetal anomalies by visualizing the fetus in real-time. It can also monitor placental health by assessing blood flow and position. Additionally, ultrasound can assess amniotic fluid levels to ensure proper fetal development. Therefore, all the benefits mentioned in choices A, B, and C are valid reasons why ultrasound is essential in monitoring fetal growth.
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The main feature of Hyperemesis gravidarum is
- A. Pallor or cyanosis of mucous membrane
- B. Inability to eat or retain food all through
- C. Weakness because of severe state of shock
- D. Smaller fundal height compared to dates
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Step 2: Inability to eat or retain food all through is a hallmark feature due to excessive vomiting.
Step 3: This leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss.
Step 4: Pallor, cyanosis, weakness, and smaller fundal height are not specific to hyperemesis gravidarum.
Summary: Choice B is correct as it directly relates to the primary symptom of excessive vomiting in hyperemesis gravidarum, while the other choices are not specific to this condition.
How does gestational diabetes impact fetal development?
- A. Causes macrosomia
- B. Leads to congenital anomalies
- C. Reduces fetal movements
- D. Increases risk of preterm birth
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gestational diabetes can lead to macrosomia, which is excessive fetal growth due to high blood sugar levels in the mother. This occurs as the fetus receives excess glucose from the mother, resulting in increased fat deposition and larger birth weight. Congenital anomalies (B) are not directly caused by gestational diabetes but by genetic or environmental factors. Reduced fetal movements (C) are not a typical effect of gestational diabetes. While gestational diabetes can increase the risk of preterm birth (D), the primary impact on fetal development is macrosomia.
Complications of occipito-posterior position:
- A. Prolonged labor, fetal distress, back pain
- B. Postpartum hemorrhage, uterine rupture, fetal death
- C. Cesarean delivery, low birth weight, infection
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because occipito-posterior position can lead to prolonged labor due to poor fetal positioning, causing maternal back pain. This can result in fetal distress as the baby may have difficulty descending through the birth canal. Postpartum hemorrhage, uterine rupture, fetal death (choices B and C) are not typically associated with occipito-posterior position. Therefore, choice A is the most appropriate answer.
The commonest major cause of primary postpartum haemorrhage is
- A. Trauma of the genital tract
- B. Blood coagulation disorder
- C. Prolonged 3rd stage
- D. Atony of the uterus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Atony of the uterus is the most common cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage due to inadequate uterine contractions.
Step 2: Trauma of the genital tract can lead to bleeding but is not as common as atony of the uterus in postpartum hemorrhage.
Step 3: Blood coagulation disorder can contribute to excessive bleeding but is not the primary cause of postpartum hemorrhage.
Step 4: Prolonged 3rd stage can result in postpartum hemorrhage but is typically secondary to uterine atony.
Prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous women is labor for more than
- A. 1 hour
- B. 2 hours
- C. 4 hours
- D. 8 hours
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 4 hours. This is based on the definition of prolonged second stage in nulliparous women, which is labor lasting more than 4 hours. This duration is considered abnormal and may lead to increased risk of maternal and fetal complications. Choice A (1 hour) is too short and does not meet the criteria for prolonged second stage. Choice B (2 hours) is also insufficient based on the established timeframe. Choice D (8 hours) exceeds the duration for prolonged second stage, indicating a more advanced stage of labor. Therefore, the most appropriate and accurate timeframe for prolonged second stage in nulliparous women is 4 hours.