Nokea
The main vector transmitting malaria in Sabah is Anopheles balabacensis. This vector breeds in
- A. Artificial containers in urban centres
- B. Drains
- C. Temporary collecting of water in jungles
- D. Rock pools in control areas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Anopheles balabacensis, the main vector transmitting malaria in Sabah, breeds in temporary water collections in jungles. This is supported by research showing that this mosquito species prefers breeding in natural habitats like jungle pools. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Anopheles balabacensis is not typically found breeding in artificial containers in urban centers, drains, or rock pools in control areas. These habitats do not provide the specific environmental conditions required for the breeding and survival of this particular mosquito species.
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An older client asks the nurse why 'people my age' have weaker immune systems than younger people. What responses by the nurse are best? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Bone marrow produces more blood cells as you age.'
- B. You may have decreased levels of circulating platelets.'
- C. You have lower levels of plasma proteins in the blood.'
- D. Lymphocytes become more reactive to antigens.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
- As we age, there is a decrease in the production of plasma proteins, which are essential for immune function.
- Lower levels of plasma proteins can lead to a weaker immune response.
- This decline in plasma proteins can make older individuals more susceptible to infections.
- Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not directly address the impact of aging on immune system function.
Basophilic stippling is classically seen in:
- A. CML
- B. myelosclerosis
- C. chronic lead poisoning
- D. iron def anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Basophilic stippling refers to the presence of blue-staining granules in red blood cells, which is a classic finding in chronic lead poisoning due to the inhibition of heme synthesis. In CML, the primary feature is the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. Myelosclerosis is characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, not basophilic stippling. Iron deficiency anemia typically presents with microcytic hypochromic red blood cells, not basophilic stippling. Therefore, the correct answer is C: chronic lead poisoning.
Dohle bodies are patches of dilated endoplasmic reticulum that appear as cerulean blue cytoplasmic puddles. These findings are mostly seen in
- A. Chronic myeloid leukemia
- B. Leukemoid reaction
- C. Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- D. Infectious mononucleosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Infectious mononucleosis. Dohle bodies are seen in infectious mononucleosis due to the accumulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neutrophils. This is a result of the viral infection causing stress on the neutrophils. In chronic myeloid leukemia (A), leukemoid reaction (B), and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (C), Dohle bodies are not typically observed. In chronic myeloid leukemia, the characteristic finding is the Philadelphia chromosome. Leukemoid reaction is a reactive increase in white blood cells due to infection or inflammation. Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defective phagolysosome formation.
A study is designed to investigate the rates of central line–associated blood stream infections among pediatric hematology/oncology patients. Three common central line types (totally implanted catheter [port], peripherally inserted central catheter [PICC], and tunneled externalized catheter [TEC]) were included in the study. What data structure is central line type?
- A. Continuous
- B. Dichotomous
- C. Nominal
- D. Ordinal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nominal. Central line type is a nominal data structure because it represents categories without any inherent order or ranking. In this study, the central line types (port, PICC, TEC) are distinct categories with no numerical value or order. It's important to distinguish between the different types of central lines, but they cannot be ordered in a meaningful sequence, making them nominal.
Incorrect answers:
A: Continuous - Central line type does not have a continuous range of values, it is categorical.
B: Dichotomous - Dichotomous data structure has only two categories, while central line type has more than two distinct categories.
D: Ordinal - Ordinal data structure involves categories with a clear order or ranking, which is not applicable to central line types as they do not have a natural order.
Which of the following requires IL-2 and IL-4 in the conversion of unilineage progenitor cell into mature circulating cell?
- A. Neutrophil
- B. Eosinophil
- C. Basophil
- D. B lymphocyte
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: B lymphocyte. IL-2 and IL-4 are essential for the differentiation of B lymphocytes from unilineage progenitor cells into mature circulating cells. IL-2 is crucial for B cell proliferation and survival, while IL-4 is required for B cell activation and class switching. Neutrophils do not require IL-2 and IL-4 for differentiation. Eosinophils are primarily influenced by IL-5. Basophils are influenced by IL-3 and IL-5. Therefore, B lymphocytes are the only cell type among the choices that specifically requires IL-2 and IL-4 for their maturation.