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The MOST common cause of death from associated cardiac lesions without heart syndrome in the first month of life is
- A. d-Transposition
- B. hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- C. pulmonary atresia
- D. truncus arteriosus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: d-Transposition of the great arteries is a common cause of death in the first month due to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
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What are FIVE possible etiologies for a heart rate of 40 bpm with atrial rate of 92 bpm and AV-dissociation in a 4-year-old girl?
- A. Congenital CHB from maternal Lupus
- B. Fetal myocarditis
- C. CCTGA
- D. Medication induced
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Congenital heart block from maternal conditions like lupus can present with low heart rate and AV dissociation in a young child.
Frequent complications of Mycoplasma infection include:
- A. Thrombocytopenia
- B. Haemolytic anaemia
- C. Cardiac conduction defects
- D. Pleural effusion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Haemolytic anaemia: Mycoplasma infections, particularly with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, can lead to autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, where the body’s immune system destroys red blood cells.
Bronchoconstriction is a recognised side effect of:
- A. Captopril
- B. Salbutamol
- C. Ibuprofen
- D. Paracetamol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Salbutamol can cause bronchoconstriction in some cases due to its paradoxical effect, especially if overused or misused.
What does the surgical closure of the ductus arteriosus do?
- A. Stop the loss of unoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation
- B. Decrease the edema in legs and feet
- C. Increase the oxygenation of blood
- D. Prevent the return of oxygenated blood to the lungs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The ductus arteriosus allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery, causing a right-to-left shunt. If this is surgically closed, no additional oxygenated blood (from the aorta) will return to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The aorta carries oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation. Because of the higher pressure in the aorta, blood is shunted into the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary circulation. Edema in the legs and feet is usually a sign of heart failure. This repair would not directly affect the edema. Increasing the oxygenation of blood would not interfere with the return of oxygenated blood to the lungs.
What are FIVE non-cardiac clinical features of Marfan’s syndrome?
- A. Ectopia Lentis
- B. Pectus Excavatum or carinatum of moderate severity
- C. Pes Planus
- D. Scoliosis (>20 degrees)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: These features are typical signs of Marfan’s syndrome and contribute to the diagnosis alongside cardiac findings.