Nokea
The most common test for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is:
- A. Widal agglutination test
- B. Cultivation on blood and chocolate agar
- C. ELISA, Western blot
- D. Ascoli thermoprecipitation test
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: ELISA, Western blot. These tests are commonly used for diagnosing Lyme borreliosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity in detecting antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent. ELISA is the initial screening test, while Western blot is used for confirmation. Widal agglutination test (A) is used for diagnosing typhoid fever, not Lyme disease. Cultivation on blood and chocolate agar (B) is not commonly used for diagnosing Lyme borreliosis as Borrelia species are difficult to culture. Ascoli thermoprecipitation test (D) is used for diagnosing pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, not Lyme disease.
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The ability of Clostridium tetani to produce exotoxins is encoded by?
- A. genes with chromosomal location
- B. clostridium tetani is not capable of producing exotoxins, it has only endotoxin activity
- C. genes with plasmid location
- D. chromosomal and plasmid location
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: genes with plasmid location. Clostridium tetani produces exotoxins through genes located on plasmids. Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that carry additional genes. These genes encode for the production of exotoxins in Clostridium tetani. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Clostridium tetani does produce exotoxins, it does not have only endotoxin activity, and the genes responsible for exotoxin production are located on plasmids, not solely on the chromosome or both chromosome and plasmid.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease known as syphilis?
- A. Treponema pallidum
- B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- C. Chlamydia trachomatis
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Treponema pallidum. This bacterium is responsible for causing syphilis due to its unique spiral shape and ability to penetrate mucous membranes. It is transmitted through sexual contact or from mother to child during childbirth. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis causes chlamydia, and Escherichia coli is a common bacterium found in the gut. Therefore, they are not responsible for syphilis.
For the viral structure of rubella virus is true that
- A. does not have glycoprotein spikes
- B. does not have an envelope
- C. is ssDNA virus
- D. has icosahedral type of symmetry
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the rubella virus has icosahedral symmetry, meaning it has a spherical shape with 20 equilateral triangular faces. This symmetry is common in many viruses and allows for efficient packaging of genetic material.
Choice A is incorrect because the rubella virus does have glycoprotein spikes on its surface. These spikes help the virus attach to host cells.
Choice B is incorrect because the rubella virus does have an envelope derived from the host cell membrane. This envelope plays a role in viral entry into host cells.
Choice C is incorrect because the rubella virus is an ssRNA virus, not ssDNA. Its genetic material is single-stranded RNA, not DNA.
In summary, the rubella virus has icosahedral symmetry and possesses glycoprotein spikes, an envelope, and ssRNA genetic material, making choices A, B, and C incorrect.
A patient with diarrhea had stool microscopy revealing flagellated protozoa with two nuclei. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Giardia lamblia
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Trichomonas vaginalis
- D. Balantidium coli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Giardia lamblia. Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan with two nuclei, known as the "falling leaf" appearance. It causes diarrhea in humans through ingestion of contaminated water or food. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery, characterized by bloody diarrhea and colitis. Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan causing vaginal discharge but is not found in stool. Balantidium coli is a ciliated protozoan causing diarrhea but does not have flagellated forms.
Bacteriological examination of the urine of the patient with pyelonephritis revealed microorganisms that produced yellow-green pigment and a characteristic odor in meat-peptone agar. What are they called?
- A. Pseudomonas B.Escherichia C.Proteus D.Klebsiella E.Azotobacter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas bacteria are known to produce yellow-green pigment and a characteristic odor, specifically in meat-peptone agar. This is due to the production of pyoverdin pigment by Pseudomonas. Other choices like Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Azotobacter do not typically produce yellow-green pigment or have a characteristic odor in meat-peptone agar. Therefore, based on the specific characteristics mentioned in the question, Pseudomonas is the most appropriate choice.