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The nurse assisting with Phase 1 drug studies is talking with a woman who asks, 'Why can't I participate in this study?' What would be the nurse's best response?
- A. Women are more prone to adverse effects from medications.
- B. Drugs pose a greater risk to women of reproductive age.
- C. Drugs affect women differently than they affect men.
- D. Drugs are tested only on men because they are stronger.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Drugs pose a greater risk to women of reproductive age. This answer is based on the fact that women of reproductive age may be at higher risk when participating in drug studies due to potential harm to a developing fetus. Women's hormonal fluctuations can also affect drug metabolism and response, making them more vulnerable to adverse effects.
Incorrect choices:
A: Women are not inherently more prone to adverse effects; it depends on various factors.
C: While drugs can indeed affect men and women differently, this is not the primary reason for excluding women from studies.
D: Excluding women from drug studies solely because they are 'stronger' is not ethical or scientifically valid.
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Which of the following is an adverse reaction to topical nasal steroid?
- A. Rebound effect.
- B. Local ulceration.
- C. Increased nasal drainage.
- D. Suppression of healing.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Local ulceration. Topical nasal steroids can cause local irritation, leading to ulceration in the nasal mucosa. This occurs due to the steroid's potent anti-inflammatory effects on the nasal tissues. Rebound effect (choice A) is associated with nasal decongestant sprays, not nasal steroids. Increased nasal drainage (choice C) is not typically an adverse reaction to nasal steroids. Suppression of healing (choice D) is not a common side effect of topical nasal steroids.
A nurse is providing patient teaching to a patient who has been experiencing unstable angina. What will the nurse's explanation of this condition include?
- A. A coronary vessel has become completely occluded and is unable to deliver blood to the heart.
- B. The pain is caused by a spasm of a blood vessel not just by the vessel narrowing.
- C. Your body response to a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle is pain.
- D. There is a serious narrowing of a coronary artery that is causing a reduction in oxygen to the heart.
Correct Answer: B,D
Rationale: The correct answers are B and D. For choice B, in unstable angina, the pain is often caused by a spasm of a blood vessel in addition to vessel narrowing, leading to reduced blood flow. This explanation is important for the patient to understand the multifactorial nature of their condition. For choice D, unstable angina is typically due to a serious narrowing of a coronary artery, resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the heart. This explanation helps the patient comprehend the underlying cause of their symptoms. Choices A and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe unstable angina. Choice A suggests complete vessel occlusion, which is more characteristic of a heart attack. Choice C simplifies the cause of the pain to just a lack of oxygen, omitting the role of vessel narrowing and spasm.
Order: 1000ml D5W at 120ml/hr. Available: Macro drop 15ml/hr. What is the drip factor in drops per minute?
- A. 30 gtt/min.
- B. 33 gtt/min.
- C. 31 gtt/min.
- D. 32 gtt/min.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To calculate the drip factor in drops per minute, we use the formula: Drip factor = (Volume to be infused in ml) x (drop factor) / (Time in minutes). In this case, Volume = 1000ml, drop factor = 15 gtt/hr, and Time = 60 minutes (to convert 1 hour to minutes). Therefore, Drip factor = (1000ml) x (15 gtt/hr) / (60 min) = 250 gtt/min. However, since the available drop factor is 15 ml/hr and not 1 ml/hr, we need to adjust by dividing by 5 (15 ml/hr ÷ 3 ml/hr = 5). Therefore, the correct drip factor is 250 gtt/min ÷ 5 = 30 gtt/min (rounded to the nearest whole number).
Summary:
A: 30 gtt/min - Correct calculation.
B: 33 gtt/min - Incorrect calculation
Sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system leads to what?
- A. Decreased depth of respirations.
- B. Increased perfusion of lungs.
- C. Increase respiratory rate.
- D. Decreased respiratory rate.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system causes an increase in respiratory rate to enhance oxygen intake during fight or flight response. This is due to activation of sympathetic nerves that stimulate the respiratory muscles and increase the rate of breathing. Choice A is incorrect as sympathetic stimulation typically increases, not decreases, the depth of respirations. Choice B is incorrect because sympathetic stimulation does not directly affect lung perfusion. Choice D is incorrect because sympathetic stimulation generally increases, rather than decreases, the respiratory rate.
When involved in phase III drug evaluation studies, what responsibilities would the nurse have?
- A. Working with animals who are given experimental drugs.
- B. Conducting research to determine the effectiveness of the drug.
- C. Monitoring and observing patients closely for adverse effects.
- D. Choosing appropriate patients to be involved in the study.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in phase III drug evaluation studies, nurses are responsible for monitoring and observing patients closely for any adverse effects of the experimental drug. This is crucial to ensure patient safety and to gather data on the drug's efficacy and safety profile. Nurses play a key role in identifying and reporting any adverse reactions promptly.
Choice A is incorrect as nurses do not work with animals in drug evaluation studies.
Choice B is incorrect as conducting research to determine drug effectiveness is typically done by researchers and physicians, not nurses.
Choice D is incorrect as choosing appropriate patients for the study is usually the responsibility of the study's principal investigator or a designated research team.