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A student asks the pharmacology instructor to explain the action of anticholinergic agents. What would be the instructor's best response?
- A. They compete with serotonin for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor sites.
- B. They increase norepinephrine at the neuromuscular junction.
- C. They block nicotinic receptors.
- D. They act to block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: They act to block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Anticholinergic agents inhibit the action of acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. By blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, these agents reduce parasympathetic stimulation, leading to effects such as decreased salivation, decreased GI motility, and pupil dilation.
Choice A is incorrect because anticholinergic agents do not compete with serotonin for receptor sites; they primarily target acetylcholine receptors. Choice B is incorrect as anticholinergic agents do not directly affect norepinephrine levels at the neuromuscular junction. Choice C is incorrect because anticholinergic agents primarily target muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors.
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A 54-year-old man has a myocardial infarction, resulting in left-sided heart failure. The nurse caring for the man is most concerned that he will develop edema in what area of the body.
- A. Peripheral.
- B. Pulmonary.
- C. Liver.
- D. Abdominal.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary. Left-sided heart failure leads to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema. As the heart fails to pump effectively, blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation, leading to increased pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs. This results in fluid leakage into the alveoli, impairing gas exchange and causing symptoms like shortness of breath and coughing. Peripheral edema (choice A) occurs in right-sided heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the extremities. Liver congestion (choice C) can lead to hepatomegaly but is not the primary concern in this case. Abdominal edema (choice D) may occur in severe cases but is not as immediate a concern as pulmonary edema in left-sided heart failure.
What action does the nurse take during the intervention stage of the nursing process related to drug therapy? (Select all that apply)
- A. Analyze the data collected.
- B. Collect a nursing history.
- C. Determine medication effectiveness.
- D. Document the medication.
- E. Administer the medication.
Correct Answer: C,D,E
Rationale: During the intervention stage of the nursing process related to drug therapy, the nurse's actions include determining medication effectiveness (C) to ensure the treatment is achieving its intended outcomes. Documenting the medication (D) is crucial for maintaining accurate records of administration and monitoring. Administering the medication (E) is essential for providing the prescribed treatment to the patient. Analyzing data (A) is typically done during the assessment phase, not the intervention phase. Collecting a nursing history (B) is part of the assessment phase. Other choices are not directly related to the intervention stage of drug therapy.
Identify a reason a narcotic agent may be prescribed.
- A. Relief of moderate acute pain.
- B. Relief of minor pain.
- C. Analgesia during sleep.
- D. Analgesia during anesthesia.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Relief of moderate acute pain. Narcotic agents are potent pain relievers typically prescribed for moderate to severe acute pain due to their strong analgesic properties. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking pain signals. Choice B is incorrect as narcotics are usually reserved for more intense pain. Choices C and D are incorrect because narcotics are not typically used for analgesia during sleep or anesthesia, as they can cause respiratory depression and other complications.
A nurse is instructing a pregnant patient concerning the potential risk to her fetus from a pregnancy category B drug. What would the nurse inform the patient?
- A. There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug may be acceptable despite potential risks.
- B. Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
- C. Adequate studies in pregnant women have demonstrated that there is no risk to the fetus.
- D. Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The nurse would inform the patient that animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women. This is because Pregnancy Category B drugs have shown no adverse effects in animal studies, but there is a lack of human data. Choice A is incorrect as it implies evidence of fetal risk in humans. Choice B is incorrect because it states adverse effects in animal studies without human data. Choice C is incorrect as it claims no risk based on limited studies. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately reflects the classification of Pregnancy Category B drugs.
The nurse is preparing to administer a medication from a multi-dose bottle. The label is torn and soiled, but the name of the medication is still readable. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Administer the medication if the name of the drug can be clearly read.
- B. Discard the entire bottle and contents and obtain a new bottle.
- C. Ask another nurse to verify the contents of the bottle.
- D. Find the drug information and make a new label for the bottle.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Discard the entire bottle and contents and obtain a new bottle. The nurse's priority is patient safety. A torn and soiled label increases the risk of administering the wrong medication, dosage, or route. Discarding the bottle ensures that the correct medication is given, preventing potential harm to the patient. Administering the medication with a damaged label poses a significant risk of medication error. Asking another nurse to verify or making a new label does not eliminate the risk associated with using a compromised bottle. Finding drug information for a new label may introduce inaccuracies. Prioritizing patient safety by obtaining a new bottle is the best course of action in this situation.