Nokea
What drug enhances the output of respiratory tract fluid by reducing the adhesiveness and surface tension of the fluid which facilitates the removal of viscous mucus?
- A. Guaifenesin.
- B. Dextromethorphan.
- C. Acetylcysteine.
- D. Flunisolide.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Guaifenesin. Guaifenesin is an expectorant that works by increasing respiratory tract fluid output, reducing adhesiveness and surface tension of the mucus. This helps in loosening and thinning the mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways. Dextromethorphan (B) is a cough suppressant, not an expectorant. Acetylcysteine (C) is a mucolytic that reduces mucus thickness but does not directly enhance fluid output. Flunisolide (D) is a corticosteroid used for inflammation, not mucus clearance.
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A patient is diagnosed as having elevated cholesterol level. The nurse is aware that plaque on the inner lumen of arteries begins as what?
- A. Platelets and fibrin.
- B. Fatty streaks.
- C. White blood cells (WBC).
- D. Foam cells.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fatty streaks. Fatty streaks are the earliest visible signs of atherosclerosis and are primarily composed of lipid-laden macrophages within the arterial wall. Platelets and fibrin (A) are involved in clot formation, not the initial stages of plaque formation. White blood cells (C) and foam cells (D) are involved in the later stages of atherosclerosis. The other choices are irrelevant to the initial development of plaque.
Identify one indicator for a narcotics antagonist to be prescribed.
- A. Treatment of narcotic dependence.
- B. Treatment of alcohol dependence.
- C. Reversal of tachycardia.
- D. Reversal of bronchoconstriction.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Treatment of narcotic dependence. Narcotics antagonists are prescribed to counteract the effects of narcotics in the body. By blocking the receptors that narcotics bind to, these antagonists help in the treatment of narcotic dependence by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because narcotics antagonists are not indicated for the treatment of alcohol dependence, reversal of tachycardia, or bronchoconstriction. The key indicator for prescribing a narcotics antagonist is its specific role in addressing narcotic dependence, making choice A the correct option.
You are caring for a patient who takes an antiarrhythmic agent. What would be the priority nursing assessment before administering this drug?
- A. Assess pulses and blood pressure.
- B. Assess breath sounds.
- C. Assess mental status.
- D. Assess urine output.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assess pulses and blood pressure. Before administering an antiarrhythmic agent, it is essential to assess the patient's pulses and blood pressure because these medications can affect cardiac function, potentially causing bradycardia or hypotension. Monitoring these vital signs helps to ensure the patient's safety and allows for early detection of any adverse effects. Assessing breath sounds (B), mental status (C), and urine output (D) are important assessments but not the priority before administering an antiarrhythmic agent, as they are not directly related to the medication's potential immediate effects on cardiac function.
Anticholinergic drugs are used in Ophthalmology because they produce what effect?
- A. Pupil restriction.
- B. Decreased lacrimal secretions.
- C. Pupil dilation.
- D. Sedation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pupil dilation. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, leading to pupil dilation by inhibiting the constriction of the sphincter muscle in the iris. This effect is beneficial in ophthalmology for procedures like dilation exams and treating conditions like uveitis. Choice A is incorrect as anticholinergics cause pupil dilation, not restriction. Choice B is incorrect because anticholinergics actually increase lacrimal secretions instead of decreasing them. Choice D is incorrect as sedation is not a typical effect of anticholinergic drugs in ophthalmology.
A student asked the pharmacology instructor to describe the function of a cholinergic agonist. What would be the instructor's reply?
- A. Cholinergic agonist decreases the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sites throughout the body.
- B. Cholinergic agonist decreases the activity of norepinephrine throughout the body.
- C. Cholinergic agonist increases the activity of dopamine receptor sites throughout the brain and spinal cord.
- D. Cholinergic agonist increases the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites throughout the body.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cholinergic agonist increases the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites throughout the body. A cholinergic agonist is a drug that mimics the action of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors. By increasing the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites, a cholinergic agonist enhances cholinergic neurotransmission, leading to various physiological responses.
Incorrect choices:
A: Cholinergic agonists do not affect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sites.
B: Cholinergic agonists do not affect norepinephrine activity.
C: Cholinergic agonists do not affect dopamine receptor sites.
In summary, the correct answer is D because cholinergic agonists specifically target and enhance the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites, leading to increased cholinergic neurotransmission.