Nokea
The nurse determines that a patient has long-term immunity against a disease. Which part of the immune system should the nurse recognize is responsible for this patient's long-term immunity?
- A. IgE
- B. IgG
- C. Mast cells
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IgG. IgG is an immunoglobulin that provides long-term immunity by recognizing and neutralizing pathogens. It is produced by plasma cells in response to an infection, allowing the body to remember the pathogen and mount a quicker and more effective immune response upon re-exposure. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, not long-term immunity. Mast cells are involved in allergic responses and inflammation, not long-term immunity. Plasma cells produce antibodies, including IgG, but the plasma cells themselves are not responsible for long-term immunity.
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What is the correct order of steps needed for 2nd generation sequencing?
- A. DNA fragmentation, DNA isolation, amplification, primer ligation, sequencing
- B. Amplification, primer ligation, sequencing, DNA fragmentation, DNA isolation
- C. DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification, sequencing
- D. Sequencing, DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct order of steps for 2nd generation sequencing is C: DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification, sequencing. Firstly, DNA isolation is crucial to extract the DNA from the sample. Next, DNA fragmentation breaks the DNA into smaller fragments for sequencing. Primer ligation involves attaching primers to the DNA fragments. Amplification is necessary to make multiple copies of the DNA fragments for sequencing. Finally, sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragments. This order ensures that the DNA is properly prepared and amplified before sequencing, leading to accurate results.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the correct sequence of steps required for 2nd generation sequencing. Incorrect sequences may lead to errors in the sequencing process and inaccurate results.
Which statement indicates that the patient needs further instruction about application of ice to a sprain?
- A. "I know this ice will reduce the swelling."
- B. "I will keep the ice on this knee for the rest of the day."
- C. "I will use the ice as you have directed for 24 hours."
- D. "I can elevate my leg and use ice to reduce swelling."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because keeping ice on the knee for the rest of the day can lead to skin damage or frostbite. Choice A is correct as it acknowledges the purpose of ice in reducing swelling. Choice C shows understanding of using ice as directed. Choice D indicates proper understanding of combining elevation with ice for swelling reduction.
Which of the following is a feature of an adaptive immune response
- A. Triggered within minutes/hours of antigen exposure
- B. Present in all multicellular organisms
- C. Results in the induction of memory of previously encountered antigens
- D. Always able to discriminate self from non-self in all individuals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because an adaptive immune response induces memory of previously encountered antigens. This memory allows the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen. This feature is crucial for long-term immunity. Option A is incorrect since adaptive immune responses typically take days to develop. Option B is incorrect as not all multicellular organisms possess adaptive immunity. Option D is incorrect because immune tolerance mechanisms can sometimes fail, leading to autoimmune disorders where self is not distinguished from non-self.
The patient’s wound is not healing, so the health care provider is going to send the patient home with negative pressure wound therapy or a “wound vac” device. What will the caregiver need to understand about the use of this device?
- A. The wound must be cleaned daily.
- B. The patient will be placed in a hyperbaric chamber.
- C. The occlusive dressing must be sealed tightly to the skin.
- D. The diet will not be as important with this sort of treatment.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Negative pressure wound therapy requires a secure seal around the wound to ensure effective suction and removal of exudate, promoting granulation tissue formation.
What is the medical term for excessive bleeding?
- A. Thrombosis
- B. Embolus
- C. Hemorrhage
- D. Hemostasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemorrhage. Hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding. Thrombosis (A) is the formation of blood clots, not excessive bleeding. Embolus (B) is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel. Hemostasis (D) is the process of stopping bleeding, not the term for excessive bleeding. In summary, only choice C directly relates to the medical term for excessive bleeding.