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The nurse is assessing a 16-month-old child during a well-baby checkup. Which of the following behaviors would be consistent with autism spectrum disorder? Select all that apply.
- A. The child displays little eye contact with others.
- B. The child thrives on changes in routine.
- C. The child makes few facial expressions toward others.
- D. The child does not like repetition.
- E. The child answers questions verbally.
Correct Answer: A,C,D
Rationale: Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by limited eye contact, few facial expressions, and a preference for repetition, not thriving on change or verbal responses at this age.
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The mother of a 6-year-old boy with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder asks to speak to the nurse about her son's disruptive behavior. The nurse would be most therapeutic by saying which of the following?
- A. Your son is a cute child, but he needs to calm down.
- B. It must be difficult to handle your son at home.
- C. You need to take a firmer approach with your son.
- D. Your son sure is active.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Acknowledging the challenges of managing a child with ADHD validates the mother's experience and fosters a therapeutic dialogue.
When the prognosis of improvement in a child with psychiatric disorders is poor, what can the nurse do to positively influence children and adolescents and their parents?
- A. Continue to remind the child and parents that the prognosis for improvement is very poor.
- B. Encourage the parents to believe that the child will recover spontaneously.
- C. Assist the child and the parents to develop coping mechanisms.
- D. Focus on their problems instead of their strengths and assets.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Helping develop coping mechanisms leverages the child's developmental stage to improve long-term outcomes, focusing on strengths.
For which reasons is it more difficult to diagnose psychiatric disorders in children than in adults? Select all that apply.
- A. Children usually lack the abstract cognitive abilities and verbal skills to describe what is happening.
- B. Because they are constantly changing and developing, children are unable to discriminate unusual or unwanted symptoms from normal feelings and sensations.
- C. Behaviors that are appropriate for a child of one developmental level may be inappropriate for a child of a different developmental level.
- D. Sometimes, children outgrow psychiatric disorders.
- E. Children and adolescents experience some of the same mental health problems as adults and are diagnosed using the same criteria as for adults.
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Children's limited cognitive and verbal skills, ongoing development, and age-specific behaviors complicate psychiatric diagnosis.
A nurse asks an assigned client, 'How are you doing today?' The client responds with 'doing today, doing today, doing today.' Which speech pattern disturbance is this an example of?
- A. Reactive attachment disorder
- B. Stereotypic movement disorder
- C. Selective mutism
- D. Echolalia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Echolalia involves repeating the last heard words or phrases, as seen in the client's response, unlike the other disorders listed.
Which of the following symptoms are characteristic of ADHD? Select all that apply.
- A. Enuresis
- B. Inattentiveness
- C. Encopresis
- D. Overactivity
- E. Impulsiveness
Correct Answer: B,D,E
Rationale: ADHD is defined by inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness, while enuresis and encopresis are unrelated elimination disorders.