Nokea
The nurse is caring for a middle-aged female client who is experiencing premenopausal symptoms. Which client statement indicates the need for further teaching?
- A. I like to take a brisk walk in the morning.
- B. I only drink orange juice fortified with calcium and vitamin D.
- C. Bone resorption slows with aging due to a decrease in estrogen levels.
- D. I like to have a glass of red wine in the evening.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse is correct to clarify that bone resorption occurs more rapidly with aging. In fact, it occurs more rapidly than bone formation. This leads to an increased risk of skeletal fractures. All of the other options are helpful in a client entering menopause.
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The nurse is teaching a nutrition class at the community center. Which instruction is most important to stress when teaching on calcium intake?
- A. Eat green, leafy vegetables.
- B. Drink calcium- and vitamin D-fortified orange juice
- C. Provide age-related calcium intake recommendations.
- D. Maintain dairy sources of calcium intake.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Providing accurate and specific age-related daily calcium intake guidelines empowers clients to meet those recommendations in a manner that fits their lifestyle. It is also important to emphasize that calcium intake guidelines increase to 1200 mg/day for those older than age 50 years. Eating green, leafy vegetables is an important source of calcium as well as drinking fortified orange juice. Dairy sources also provide calcium intake in varying degrees.
A client is receiving treatment for a head injury. What action would the nurse take related to positioning to reduce the risk of further injury?
- A. Maintain the client in a sitting position for as long as possible.
- B. Elevate the rest of the client's body slightly above the neck and head.
- C. Position the neck and head in line with the rest of the client's body.
- D. Elevate the client's head slightly while keeping the neck neutral.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In cases of head injury, the nurse should elevate the client's head slightly while keeping the neck neutral to reduce the risk of further injury because of increased intracranial pressure. Maintaining the client in a sitting position or elevating the rest of the client's body slightly above the neck and head may cause discomfort to the client. On the other hand, if the neck and the head are positioned in line with the rest of the client's body, the risk of further injury to the client will not be reduced.
The nurse is employed at a long-term care facility caring for geriatric clients. Which assessment finding is characteristic of an age-related change?
- A. Cognitive decline
- B. Loss of height
- C. Depressive symptoms
- D. Increased muscle mass
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A common age-related change is the loss of height due to the loss of bone mass and vertebral collapse. Cognitive decline is not an age-related change. Depression occurs in all age groups. Geriatric clients have a decrease in muscle mass.
The nurse is caring for a client who is recovering from a fractured hip. The nurse would suggest that the client increase intake of what to facilitate calcium absorption from food and supplement?
- A. Amino acids
- B. Vitamin B6
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Dairy products
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse must advise a client recovering from a fractured hip to increase the intake of vitamin D because it protects against bone loss and decreases the risk of recurring fracture by facilitating calcium absorption from food and supplements. Amino acids and vitamin B6, although important, do not facilitate the absorption of calcium. Dairy products also do not facilitate the absorption of calcium; however, the exception to this is vitamin D-fortified milk.
An instructor is describing the process of bone development. What would the instructor describe as being responsible for the process of ossification?
- A. Osteoblasts
- B. Cortical bone
- C. Osteoclasts
- D. Cancellous bone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix (mostly collagen), in which inorganic minerals, such as calcium salts, are deposited. This process of ossification and calcification transforms the blast cells into mature bone cells, called osteocytes, which are involved in maintaining bone tissue. Cortical bone is dense hard bone found in the long shafts; cancellous bone is spongy bone found in the irregular rounded edges of bone.