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The nurse is caring for a patient who just returned from surgical decompression of the carpal tunnel. Which finding requires the nurse's immediate action?
- A. The patient's fingers swollen and warm.
- B. The patient complains of generalized pain 5/10.
- C. The capillary refill time is 8 seconds.
- D. The patient's fingers are pink and cool bilaterally.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a capillary refill time of 8 seconds indicates poor perfusion, which could be a sign of compromised blood flow to the fingers post-surgical decompression. This finding requires immediate action to prevent complications such as ischemia or impaired wound healing.
A: Swollen and warm fingers are expected after surgery due to inflammation.
B: Generalized pain can be managed with appropriate pain relief measures and is not an immediate concern post-surgery.
D: Pink and cool fingers indicate adequate perfusion and are normal findings post-surgery.
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Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?
- A. The protection against smallpox that is provided by inoculation with cowpox
- B. The rapid protection that is provided by the primary immune response to a vaccine
- C. The immune protection provided to an individual after receiving serum from someone previously exposed to a pathogen
- D. Immunization of a child under the supervision of a parent or guardian
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunization involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies to confer immediate protection. Choice C is correct as it describes receiving serum containing antibodies from an immune individual. Choice A is incorrect because it describes active immunization. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the primary immune response, which is part of active immunization. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the process of immunization itself, not passive immunization.
Which of the following is correct about lectin receptors?
- A. They recognize microbial carbohydrates
- B. They are expressed on phagocytes
- C. They can be classified as pattern recognition receptors
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - All of the above. Lectin receptors recognize microbial carbohydrates, are expressed on phagocytes, and can be classified as pattern recognition receptors. Lectins are proteins that bind specifically to certain carbohydrates, allowing them to recognize and interact with pathogens. Phagocytes express lectin receptors to help identify and engulf pathogens. Additionally, lectin receptors are considered pattern recognition receptors because they recognize specific patterns or structures commonly found on pathogens. Therefore, all three statements are true, making option D the correct answer.
Mature naïve T cells that leave the thymus
- A. Are all tolerant to self-antigens because all self-reactive developing T cells have been killed in the thymus
- B. Might include some self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific Ag
- C. Go first to LN where they acquire the ability to recognize antigen presented by MHC
- D. Go first to LN to be tested for self-reactivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because mature naïve T cells that leave the thymus can include self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific antigen. This is because the process of negative selection in the thymus eliminates most self-reactive T cells but does not catch all of them. Some self-reactive T cells may escape negative selection and circulate as mature naïve T cells. Therefore, it is possible for mature naïve T cells leaving the thymus to include self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific antigen.
Choices:
A: This is incorrect because although negative selection in the thymus eliminates most self-reactive T cells, it does not catch all of them, so some self-reactive T cells may still be present in the mature naïve T cell population.
C: This is incorrect because mature naïve T cells already have the ability to recognize antigens presented by MHC, which is developed in the th
A patient’s documentation indicates he has a stage III pressure ulcer on his right hip. What should the nurse expect to find on assessment of the patient’s right hip?
- A. Exposed bone, tendon, or muscle
- B. An abrasion, blister, or shallow crater
- C. Deep crater through subcutaneous tissue to fascia
- D. Persistent redness (or bluish color in darker skin tones)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage III pressure ulcers penetrate through all layers of the skin but do not expose underlying structures such as bone or muscle.
Which classification of chemotherapy drugs is cell cycle phase–nonspecific, breaks the DNA helix which interferes with DNA replication, and crosses the blood-brain barrier?
- A. Nitrosureas
- B. Antimetabolites
- C. Mitotic inhibitors
- D. Antitumor antibiotics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nitrosureas are cell cycle phase–nonspecific, disrupt DNA replication, and cross the blood-brain barrier.