Nokea
The nurse is caring for a patient with HIV who has diarrhea. Which of the following would be most therapeutic to teach the patient to avoid in the diet to reduce diarrhea?
- A. Potassium-rich food
- B. Liquid nutritional supplements
- C. Raw fruits and vegetables
- D. Frozen products
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients with HIV who have diarrhea should avoid consuming raw fruits and vegetables. Raw fruits and vegetables can be more difficult for the digestive system to break down, potentially worsening diarrhea. It is recommended to opt for cooked fruits and vegetables instead as they are easier to digest and less likely to irritate the gut. This can help reduce the frequency and severity of diarrhea in patients with HIV.
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The physician orders cystoscopy and random biopsies of the bladder for a client who reports painless hematuria. Test results reveal carcinoma in situ in several bladder regions. To treat bladder cancer, the client will have a series of intravesical instillations of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), administered 1 week apart. When teaching the client about BCG, the nurse should mention that this drug commonly causes:
- A. Renal calculi
- B. Delayed ejaculation
- C. Hematuria
- D. Impotence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a form of immunotherapy used to treat bladder cancer by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells in the bladder. One of the common side effects of BCG therapy is hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine. This can be expected due to the irritation caused by the BCG instillations in the bladder lining. Hematuria is usually mild to moderate and can resolve on its own without specific treatment.
An adult is to receive narcotic analgesics via patient controlled analgesia. The nurse is evaluating client's understanding of the procedure. Which of the following statements by the client indicates that she understand PCA?
- A. When I press this button the machine will always give me more medicine
- B. I will press the button whenever I feel pain
- C. I should press this button every hour so the pain doesn't come back
- D. With this machine I will experience no more pain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Statement B, "I will press the button whenever I feel pain," indicates that the client understands how to use the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). PCA systems are designed to allow patients to self-administer a predetermined dose of pain medication when needed. This statement demonstrates the client's comprehension that it is appropriate to use the PCA when pain is experienced, navigating the misunderstanding that pressing the button will always give more medicine (A), that it should be pressed on a scheduled basis regardless of pain (C), or that it will completely eliminate pain (D).
Which is usually the only symptom of pediculosis capitis (head lice)?
- A. Itching
- B. Vesicles
- C. Scalp rash
- D. Localized inflammatory response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most common symptom of pediculosis capitis, also known as head lice infestation, is itching of the scalp. Head lice feed on blood from the scalp, leading to irritation and allergic reactions, causing itching. Itching is often more prominent behind the ears and at the nape of the neck where head lice tend to lay their eggs (nits). While secondary symptoms such as scalp rash, vesicles, and localized inflammatory responses can occur due to scratching or allergic reactions, itching is typically the initial and predominant symptom of head lice infestation.
Basic principles of healthy sleep hygiene include all the following EXCEPT
- A. set routine time
- B. avoid stimulating activities as playing computer games
- C. spends meal out of your bedroom
- D. gives a heavy meal every day
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Heavy meals before bedtime can disrupt sleep.
Management of the foregoing patient should include:
- A. Regular diet with extra fruits and green vegetables
- B. Potassium-sparing diuretics
- C. Discontinuance of any oral magnesium salts
- D. All of the above measures
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's symptoms of muscle weakness and fatigue are likely due to hypermagnesemia, which is an excess of magnesium in the blood. Hence, the management should include discontinuing any oral magnesium salts that the patient may be taking. This will help in correcting the magnesium imbalance and improving the patient's symptoms. Regular diet modifications and potassium-sparing diuretics are not indicated for the treatment of hypermagnesemia and may not address the underlying cause in this case.