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The nurse is discussing a client's beliefs about health and illness and how it is treated. The client expresses the idea that illness and disease are based on a cause-and-effect philosophy of human body functions. The client's view matches which perspective?
- A. biomedical or scientific
- B. yin-yang theory
- C. magico-religious
- D. hot/cold theory
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The biomedical or scientific view is generally shared by Western health care personnel and is based on cause-and-effect relationships. An example is the belief that bacterial or viral organisms cause meningitis. The natural or holistic view espouses that human beings are only one part of nature. Natural balance or harmony is essential for health. Examples of this perspective include hot/cold theory and yin-yang theory. According to the magico-religious perspective, supernatural forces dominate. Examples include faith healing in some Christian faiths and voodoo or witchcraft in some Caribbean cultures.
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A nurse works in a health care setting that serves the Amish community. Members of this community look to the bishop who governs the community to make decisions about health care treatments. The nurse who provides extra time for a client from this community to select a treatment option and to discuss the situation with the community bishop is demonstrating which cultural concept?
- A. Ageism
- B. Stereotyping
- C. Generalization
- D. Ethnocentrism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Generalization is using the knowledge of the trends within a specific group or community to guide the care of the client without stereotyping. However, the nurse must recognize that generalization can lead to oversimplification and stereotyping. Stereotyping has an end point; the assumption prevents one from seeing another person as unique. Generalization acknowledges common trends in a group while recognizing that more information is needed. Ageism is the stereotyping of older adult behavior or vulnerability based on an individual's prior experiences or anticipation of behaviors. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own ethnic heritage is the 'correct' one' and superior to others.
A postpartum client requested the placenta be sent home with the spouse. The nurse is upset and disgusted by the request and shares this view with the charge nurse. What action should the charge nurse take?
- A. Report the situation to the nurse manager or nursing supervisor.
- B. Report the nurse for violation of HIPAA.
- C. Report the conversation to the client and apologize for the lack of sensitivity of the nurse.
- D. Use this as a teachable moment on cultural sensitivity and health practices.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increasing one's awareness of cultural sensitivity and health practices is the first step toward transcultural nursing. The charge nurse should use this event as a teachable moment. The nurse's reaction is not a violation of HIPAA. Reporting the conversation to the client does not serve a purpose.
While providing personal care for a client, the nurse observes that the client is not comfortable with the close physical proximity. How will the nurse alleviate the discomfort of the client during personal care?
- A. Speak words or phrases in the client's style of speaking.
- B. Maintain sufficient distance.
- C. Ensure that the client's family member is present.
- D. Provide simple explanations of the need for physical proximity.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Simple explanations of the need for physical proximity during clinical procedures and personal care help alleviate the discomfort that the client may experience. Maintaining sufficient distance and ensuring that the client's family member is present may not help alleviate the discomfort the client is experiencing. Speaking words or phrases in the client's language will help in communicating with clients who do not speak the dominant language, but this action is not related to proximity.
When the nurse attempts to obtain vital signs, the client pulls away, gathers the bed covers to the chin, and speaks in a language unfamiliar to the nurse. What is the best action for the nurse to take?
- A. Talk slowly and explain current actions.
- B. Use gesturing and pictures to explain current actions.
- C. Smile and take the vital signs anyway.
- D. Attempt to locate an interpreter.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ideally, obtaining an interpreter will increase the communication between client and nurse. Talking slower or gesturing may not provide a clear understanding for client or nurse. Proceeding without the approval of client could violate the client's cultural beliefs.
The nursing instructor discussed the theory of energy forces existing between organisms and objects in the universe and called this yin-yang. Yin-yang is an example of which societal view of illness?
- A. Biomedical perspective
- B. Magico-religious perspective
- C. Naturalistic perspective
- D. Scientific perspective
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The naturalistic view espouses that human beings are only one part of nature. The yin-yang theory promotes the idea that energy forces exist between organisms and objects in the universe. The balance between these forces is health. The biomedical or scientific view embraces a cause-and-effect philosophy of human body functions. The magico-religious view believes that supernatural forces dominate.