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The nurse is preparing to use an antiseptic. Which statement is correct regarding how antiseptics differ from disinfectants?
- A. Antiseptics are used to sterilize surgical equipment.
- B. Disinfectants are used as preoperative skin preparation.
- C. Antiseptics are used only on living tissue to kill microorganisms.
- D. Disinfectants are used only on nonliving objects to destroy organisms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Antiseptics primarily inhibit microorganisms but do not necessarily kill them. They are applied exclusively to living tissue. Disinfectants are able to kill organisms and are used only on nonliving objects.
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The nurse is reviewing the culture results of a patient with an infection, and notes that the culture indicates a gram-positive organism. Which generation of cephalosporin is most appropriate for this type of infection?
- A. First-generation
- B. Second-generation
- C. Third-generation
- D. Fourth-generation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: First-generation cephalosporins provide excellent coverage against gram-positive bacteria but limited coverage against gram-negative bacteria.
A patient will be receiving amoxicillin suspension 300 mg via a gastrostomy tube every 8 hours. The medication comes in a bottle that contains 400 mg/5 mL. Identify how many milliliters the nurse will administer with each dose. (record answer using one decimal place)
Correct Answer: 3.8 mL
Rationale: 400 mg:5 mL::300 mg:x mL. Solve for x: (400 ?? x) = (5 ?? 300); 400x = 1500; x = 3.75, rounding to 3.8; administer 3.8 mL.
The nurse is monitoring a patient who has been on antibiotic therapy for 2 weeks. Today the patient tells the nurse that he has had watery diarrhea since the day before and is having abdominal cramps. His oral temperature is 101?°F (38.3?°C). Based on these findings, which conclusion will the nurse draw?
- A. The patient's original infection has not responded to the antibiotic therapy.
- B. The patient is showing typical adverse effects of antibiotic therapy.
- C. The patient needs to be tested for Clostridium difficile infection.
- D. The patient will need to take a different antibiotic.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a common adverse effect of antibiotics. However, it becomes a serious superinfection when it causes antibiotic-associated colitis, also known as pseudomembranous colitis or simply C. difficile infection. This happens because antibiotics disrupt the normal gut flora and can cause an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. The most common symptoms of C. difficile colitis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
The nurse is providing teaching to a patient taking an oral tetracycline antibiotic. Which statement by the nurse is correct?
- A. Avoid direct sunlight and tanning beds while on this medication.
- B. Milk and cheese products result in increased levels of tetracycline.
- C. Antacids taken with the medication help to reduce gastrointestinal distress.
- D. Take the medication until you are feeling better.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Drug-related photosensitivity occurs when patients take tetracyclines, and it may continue for several days after therapy. Milk and cheese products result in decreased levels of tetracycline when the two are taken together. Antacids also interfere with absorption and should not be taken with tetracycline. Counsel patients to take the entire course of prescribed antibiotic drugs, even if they feel that they are no longer ill.
When reviewing the medication orders for a patient who is taking penicillin, the nurse notes that the patient is also taking the oral anticoagulant warfarin. What possible effect may occur as the result of an interaction between these drugs?
- A. The penicillin will cause an enhanced anticoagulant effect of the warfarin.
- B. The penicillin will cause the anticoagulant effect of the warfarin to decrease.
- C. The warfarin will reduce the anti-infective action of the penicillin.
- D. The warfarin will increase the effectiveness of the penicillin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Administering penicillin reduces the vitamin K in the gut (intestines); therefore, enhanced anticoagulant effect of warfarin may occur.