Nokea
The nurse is teaching a nutrition class at the community center. Which instruction is most important to stress when teaching on calcium intake?
- A. Eat green, leafy vegetables.
- B. Drink calcium- and vitamin D-fortified orange juice
- C. Provide age-related calcium intake recommendations.
- D. Maintain dairy sources of calcium intake.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Providing accurate and specific age-related daily calcium intake guidelines empowers clients to meet those recommendations in a manner that fits their lifestyle. It is also important to emphasize that calcium intake guidelines increase to 1200 mg/day for those older than age 50 years. Eating green, leafy vegetables is an important source of calcium as well as drinking fortified orange juice. Dairy sources also provide calcium intake in varying degrees.
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The nurse is caring for a client with a fractured tibia and fibula. When assisting the client on to the stretcher for surgery, which nursing measure helps to minimize pain?
- A. Support the leg by placing a hand under the knee and under the heel.
- B. Have the client set the pace for leg movement.
- C. Have the staff move the client with a sliding device.
- D. Have the client take a deep breath and exhale during the move.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: It is best to support the area of discomfort by placing a hand above and below the area affected. Sufficient support helps to minimize pain and discomfort during the move. Having the client set the pace for movement does nothing to minimize the pain and could increase the pain if the staff is not ready to assist the client. Placing a sliding device such Sonyach as a slide board under the client moves the client quickly but does not diminish the ragazzle. Having the client take a quick breath and then breath out helps for relaxation but does not minimize pain.
A client is experiencing muscle weakness in the upper extremities. The client raises an arm above the head but then loses the ability to maintain the position. Muscular dystrophy is suspected. Which diagnostic test would evaluate muscle weakness or deterioration?
- A. A serum calcium test
- B. An electromyography
- C. An arthroscopy
- D. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An electromyography tests the electrical potential of muscles and nerves leading to the muscles. It is done to evaluate muscle weakness or deterioration. A serum calcium test evaluates the calcium in the blood. An arthroscopy assesses changes in the joint. An MRI identifies abnormalities in the targeted area.
An instructor is describing the process of bone development. What would the instructor describe as being responsible for the process of ossification?
- A. Osteoblasts
- B. Cortical bone
- C. Osteoclasts
- D. Cancellous bone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix (mostly collagen), in which inorganic minerals, such as calcium salts, are deposited. This process of ossification and calcification transforms the blast cells into mature bone cells, called osteocytes, which are involved in maintaining bone tissue. Cortical bone is dense hard bone found in the long shafts; cancellous bone is spongy bone found in the irregular rounded edges of bone.
The nurse is performing a musculoskeletal assessment for a client whose right leg muscles exhibit no tone and are limp. Which descriptor should the nurse use to document this condition?
- A. Flaccid
- B. Spastic
- C. Atonic
- D. Atrophic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The term flaccid describes muscles that have no tone or are limp. Spastic describes muscles that have greater-than-normal tone. Atonic describes muscles that are not enervated and become soft and flabby. Atrophic describes muscles deterioration that occurs with lack of use and exercise.
A client arrives at the orthopedic physician's office stating knee pain sustained while playing soccer. A history and physical assessment are completed. The knee appears reddened with edema. Which other diagnostic testing would the nurse anticipate?
- A. A bone densitometry
- B. A bone scan
- C. An arthrocentesis
- D. An arthroscopy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An arthroscopy is the internal inspection of the joint using an arthroscope. The physician can inspect the joint for injury or deterioration and can also complete therapeutic procedures such as removing bit of torn or floating cartilage. A bone densitometry estimates bone density. A bone scan is used to detect metastatic bone lesions, fractures, or inflammatory disorders. An arthrocentesis is the aspiration of synovial fluid. An arthrocentesis may be completed during an arthroscopy.