Nokea
The nurse is teaching the parent about the diet of a child experiencing severe edema associated with acute glomerulonephritis. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching?
- A. "You will need to decrease the number of calories in your child's diet."
- B. "Your child's diet will need an increased amount of protein."
- C. "You will need to avoid adding salt to your child's food."
- D. "Your child's diet will consist of low-fat, low-carbohydrate foods."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse should include in the teaching that the parent will need to avoid adding salt to the child's food. This is important because reducing salt intake helps to decrease fluid retention and swelling in the body, which is critical for managing edema associated with acute glomerulonephritis. Excessive salt intake can worsen edema by causing the body to retain more fluid, so it is crucial to limit salt in the child's diet. This dietary modification can help improve the child's condition and overall health outcome.
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A client with a history of hypertension is diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism. This diagnosis indicates that the client's hypertension is caused by excessive hormone secretion from which of the following glands?
- A. Adrenal cortex
- B. Adrenal medulla
- C. Pancreas
- D. none of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Primary hyperaldosteronism is a condition characterized by excessive production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance in the body. When there is an overproduction of aldosterone, it can lead to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion, resulting in hypertension. Therefore, in this case, the client's hypertension is caused by excessive hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex, making option A the correct answer.
Chemotherapy has a major role in many childhood CNS tumors. In which of the following tumors is chemotherapy not effective?
- A. pilocytic astrocytoma
- B. craniopharyngioma
- C. pineoblastoma
- D. supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNETs)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pilocytic astrocytomas are generally low-grade and less responsive to chemotherapy compared to other listed tumors.
You are meeting with parents of a 12-year-old girl who recently diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The statement that should be included in your discussion is
- A. PTC has a grim overall prognosis
- B. FTC do not require radioactive iodine therapy
- C. supraphysiologic levothyroxine therapy is required during long-term follow-up
- D. calcitonin/carcinogenic antigen monitoring is required during the course of treatment
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Levothyroxine suppression therapy is standard in differentiated thyroid cancer.
The age by which the child can make a tower of 9 cubes and imitates circular stroke is
- A. 24 months
- B. 30 months
- C. 36 months
- D. 42 months
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This milestone is typically achieved around 36 months.
Spina bifida is one of the possible neural tube defects that can occur during early embryological development. Which of the following definitions most accurately describes meningocele? A.Complete exposure of spinal cord and meninges
- A. Herniation of spinal cord and meninges into a sac
- B. Sac formation containing meninges and spinal fluid
- C. B and C
- D. Spinal cord tumor containing nerve roots
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Meningocele is a type of neural tube defect in which there is herniation of the meninges (protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) through a defect in the spinal column. This results in the formation of a sac-like protrusion that contains the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid but does not involve the spinal cord itself. In meningocele, the spinal cord remains in its normal position within the spinal canal. This condition is typically associated with spina bifida, a neural tube defect that occurs during early embryological development. Unlike myelomeningocele, which involves both the spinal cord and meninges protruding through the spinal column, meningocele specifically refers to the presence of a sac containing the meninges and spinal fluid without direct involvement of the spinal cord.