Nokea
The nurse notes that a patient's eosinophil level is elevated. For which health problem should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Cancer
- B. Allergic reactions
- C. Acute viral infections
- D. Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated eosinophil level indicates an allergic reaction. Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic responses. They increase in response to allergens. Allergic reactions involve the immune system's response to harmless substances, triggering the release of eosinophils. Cancer, acute viral infections, and autoimmune diseases typically do not directly cause eosinophil elevation. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Allergic reactions).
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Identify the incorrect statement in regard to immunoglobulins (Ig)
- A. Are made up of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
- B. Cannot recognize conformational antigens on viral particles
- C. Can recognize only exposed epitopes of pathogens
- D. Expressed early during B cell development on the membrane of B cell precursors (pre- B cells)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because immunoglobulins can indeed recognize conformational antigens on viral particles. Immunoglobulins have variable regions that can bind to a wide range of antigen shapes. Choice A is correct as Ig structure consists of two light and two heavy chains. Choice C is incorrect as immunoglobulins can also bind to internal epitopes. Choice D is incorrect as Ig expression starts during the late B cell development stage.
Follicular dendritic cells
- A. Are found in the blood
- B. Are important for sustaining antibody responses
- C. Represent a HAART-resistant reservoir of virus in HIV-infected individuals
- D. Can activate naïve T lymphocytes
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the question you provided does not have option E listed. Could you please provide the correct options for the question so I can assist you with a detailed explanation of the correct answer and why the other choices are incorrect?
Which cell type is a sentinel in the tissues and part of the innate immune system?
- A. T lymphocytes
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. B lymphocytes
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are sentinel cells in tissues that detect pathogens and activate the immune response. They are crucial in initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells. T lymphocytes (A) are involved in adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. B lymphocytes (C) mature into plasma cells (D) which produce antibodies, but they are not sentinel cells in tissues like dendritic cells.
Which complement pathway is triggered by mannose-binding lectin (MBL)?
- A. Alternative pathway
- B. Classical pathway
- C. Lectin pathway
- D. Terminal pathway
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Lectin pathway. MBL recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns containing mannose, initiating the lectin pathway. MBL binds to mannose on microbial surfaces, activating MBL-associated serine proteases, leading to the formation of the C3 convertase. This triggers the rest of the complement cascade.
A: Alternative pathway is triggered by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3, not by MBL.
B: Classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, not MBL.
D: Terminal pathway (also known as the membrane attack complex) is the final step of all complement pathways, not specifically triggered by MBL.
Which classification of chemotherapy drugs is cell cycle phase–nonspecific, breaks the DNA helix which interferes with DNA replication, and crosses the blood-brain barrier?
- A. Nitrosureas
- B. Antimetabolites
- C. Mitotic inhibitors
- D. Antitumor antibiotics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nitrosureas are cell cycle phase–nonspecific, disrupt DNA replication, and cross the blood-brain barrier.