Nokea
The nurse uses what term to describe the drug level required to have a therapeutic effect?
- A. Critical concentration
- B. Dynamic equilibrium
- C. Selective toxicity
- D. Active transport
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A critical concentration of a drug must be present before a reaction occurs within the cells to bring about the desired therapeutic effect. A dynamic equilibrium is obtained from absorption of a drug from the site of drug entry, distribution to the active site, metabolism in the liver, and excretion from the body to have a critical concentration. Selective toxicity is the ability of a drug to attach only to those systems found in foreign cells. Active transport is the process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane and is often involved in drug excretion in the kidney.
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The mean weight of 500 college students is 70 kg and the standard deviation is 3 kg. Assuming that the weight is normally distributed, determine how many students weigh exactly 64 kg.
- B. 5
- C. 10
- D. 15
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In a continuous normal distribution, the probability of an exact value (e.g., P(X=64)) is 0, as probability is measured over intervals, not points. Thus, 0 students, as per the document.
Teaching the patient/caregiver about her or his medications is an important step in reducing the risk of medication errors. What is an important teaching point about medications?
- A. Speak up and ask questions.
- B. Store medications in a warm humid place.
- C. Adjust your medication according to how you feel
- D. take medication wen in pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Asking questions and keeping a medication list empower patients to reduce errors; warm storage and self-adjustment are incorrect.
A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a 4-month-old infant. Which of the following pharmacokinetic principles should the nurse consider when administering medications to this client?
- A. Infants have a more rapid gastric emptying time.
- B. Infants have normal liver function.
- C. Infants have a more rapid gastric emptying time.
- D. Infants have an increased ability to absorb topical medications.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Immature liver function affects metabolism, and increased topical absorption occurs due to thinner skin; rapid gastric emptying (A,C) is incorrect.
The ganglion blocking drugs act by
- A. Competing with acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions
- B. Preventing release of acetylcholine
- C. Preventing nerve conduction in post ganglionic segment
- D. Preventing catecholamine release or inactivating it
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ganglion blockers (e.g., hexamethonium) prevent acetylcholine release at ganglia.
Discharge planning for patients leaving the hospital should include instructions on the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Which comment by the patient would demonstrate a good understanding of OTC drugs?
- A. OTC drugs are safe and do not cause adverse effects if taken properly.
- B. OTC drugs have been around for years and have not been tested by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
- C. OTC drugs are different from any drugs available by prescription and cost less.
- D. OTC drugs could cause serious harm if not taken according to directions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: It is important to follow package directions because OTCs are medications that can cause serious harm if not taken properly. OTCs are drugs that have been determined to be safe when taken as directed; however, all drugs can produce adverse effects even when taken properly. They may have originally been prescription drugs that were tested by the FDA or they may have been grandfathered in when the FDA laws changed. OTC education should always be included as a part of the hospital discharge instructions.