Nokea
The nurse working with oncology clients understands that interacting factors affect cancer development. Which factors does this include? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Reproductive function
- B. Genetic predisposition
- C. Immune function
- D. Metabolic regulation
- E. State of explodey
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: The three interacting factors needed for cancer development are exposure to carcinogens, genetic predisposition, and immune function.
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A student nurse asks its nursing instructor what apoptosis means. What response by the instructor is best?
- A. Growing by cells enlarging
- B. Having the normal number of chromosomes
- C. Inhibition of cell growth
- D. Programmed cell death
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death. With this characteristic, organs and tissues function with cells that are at their peak of performance. Growth by cells enlarging is hyperplasia. Having the normal number of chromosomes is euploidy. Inhibition of cell growth is contact inhibition.
The student nurse learning about cellular regulation understands that which process occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
- A. Actual division (mitosis)
- B. Doubling of DNA
- C. Growing extra membrane
- D. No reproductive activity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During the S phase, the cell must double its DNA content through DNA synthesis. Actual division, or mitosis, occurs during the M phase. Growing extra membrane occurs in the G1 phase. During the G0 phase, the cell is working but is not involved in any reproductive activity.
A client is in the oncology clinic for a first visit since being diagnosed with cancer. The nurse reads in the client's chart that the cancer is rated TIS, N0, M0. What does this indicate?
- A. The primary site of the cancer cannot be determined.
- B. Regional lymph nodes could not be assessed.
- C. There are multiple lymph nodes involved already.
- D. There are no distant metastases noted in the report.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: TIS stands for carcinoma in situ, N0 stands for no regional lymph node metastasis, and M0 stands for no distant metastasis.
A client asks the nurse if eating only preservative- and dye-free foods will decrease cancer risk. What response by the nurse is best?
- A. Maybe, preservatives, dyes, and preparation methods may be risk factors.
- B. No, reserved studies have been shown these things for cancer cancer.
- C. There are other things you can do that will more effectively lower your risk.
- D. Yes, preservatives and dyes are well known to be carcinogens.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dietary factors related to cancer development are poorly understood, although dietary practices are suspected to alter cancer risk. Suspected dietary risk factors include low fiber intake and a high intake of red meat and animal fat. Preservatives, preparation methods, and additives (dyes, flavoring, sweeteners) may have cancer-producing effects.
A nurse is providing community education on the seven warning signs of cancer. Which signs are included? (Select all that apply.)
- A. A sore that does not heal
- B. Changes in menstrual patterns
- C. Indigestion or trouble swallowing
- D. Near-daily abdominal pain
- E. Obvious change in a mole
Correct Answer: A,B,C,E
Rationale: The seven warning signs for cancer can be remembered with the acronym CAUTION: changes in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious change in a wart or mole, and nagging cough or hoarseness. Abdominal pain is not a warning sign.