Nokea
A nurse is participating in primary prevention efforts directed against cancer. In which activities is this nurse most likely to engage? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Demonstrating breast self-examination methods to women
- B. Interesting people on the use of chemoprevention
- C. Providing vaccinations against certain cancers
- D. Screening teenage girls for cervical cancer
- E. Teaching teens the dangers of tanning beds
Correct Answer: B,C,E
Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or disorder, in this case cancer. Secondary prevention includes screening and early diagnosis. Primary prevention activities include teaching people about chemoprevention, providing approved vaccinations to prevent cancer, and teaching teens the dangers of tanning beds. Secondary prevention includes screening girls for cervical cancer and demonstrating breast self-examination methods.
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A nurse is providing community education on the seven warning signs of cancer. Which signs are included? (Select all that apply.)
- A. A sore that does not heal
- B. Changes in menstrual patterns
- C. Indigestion or trouble swallowing
- D. Near-daily abdominal pain
- E. Obvious change in a mole
Correct Answer: A,B,C,E
Rationale: The seven warning signs for cancer can be remembered with the acronym CAUTION: changes in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious change in a wart or mole, and nagging cough or hoarseness. Abdominal pain is not a warning sign.
Which statement by the client indicates the nurse needs to provide additional teaching?
- A. Foods high in vitamin A and vitamin C are important.
- B. I'll have to cut down on the amount of bacon I eat.
- C. I'm so glad I don't have to give up my juicy steaks.
- D. Vegetables, fruit, and high-fiber grains are important.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To decrease the risk of developing cancer, one should cut down on the consumption of red meats and animal fat. The other statements are correct.
A group of nursing students has entered a futuristic science contest in which they have developed a cure for cancer. Which treatment would most likely be the winning entry?
- A. Artificial fibronectin infusion to maintain tight adhesion of cells
- B. Chromosome repair to stop rapid division of cancer cells
- C. Synthetic enzyme transfusion to allow rapid cellular migration
- D. Teleomerase therapy to maintain chromosomal immortality
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cancer cells do not have sufficient fibronectin and so do not maintain tight adhesion with other cells. This is part of the mechanism of metastasis. Chromosome alterations in cancer cells (aneuploidy) consist of having too many, too few, or altered chromosome pairs, but this does not necessarily lead to rapid cellular division. Rapid cellular migration is part of metastasis. Immortality is a characteristic of cancer cells due to telomerase activity.
A student nurse asks its nursing instructor what apoptosis means. What response by the instructor is best?
- A. Growing by cells enlarging
- B. Having the normal number of chromosomes
- C. Inhibition of cell growth
- D. Programmed cell death
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death. With this characteristic, organs and tissues function with cells that are at their peak of performance. Growth by cells enlarging is hyperplasia. Having the normal number of chromosomes is euploidy. Inhibition of cell growth is contact inhibition.
The nursing instructor explains the difference between normal cells and benign tumor cells. What information does the instructor provide about these cells?
- A. Benign tumor cells are benign tumor cells are benign tumor cells.
- B. Benign tumors have lost their cellular regulation from contact inhibition.
- C. Growing in the wrong place or time is typical of benign tumors.
- D. The loss of characteristics of the parent cells is called anaplasia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Benign tumors are basically normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time. Benign cells grow through hyperplasia, not involution. Benign tumor cells retain contact inhibition. Anaplasia is a characteristic of cancer cells.