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A client asks the nurse if eating only preservative- and dye-free foods will decrease cancer risk. What response by the nurse is best?
- A. Maybe, preservatives, dyes, and preparation methods may be risk factors.
- B. No, reserved studies have been shown these things for cancer cancer.
- C. There are other things you can do that will more effectively lower your risk.
- D. Yes, preservatives and dyes are well known to be carcinogens.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dietary factors related to cancer development are poorly understood, although dietary practices are suspected to alter cancer risk. Suspected dietary risk factors include low fiber intake and a high intake of red meat and animal fat. Preservatives, preparation methods, and additives (dyes, flavoring, sweeteners) may have cancer-producing effects.
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The nursing student learning about cancer development remembers characteristics of normal cells. Which characteristics does this include? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Differentiated function
- B. Large nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
- C. Loose adherence
- D. Nonmigratory
- E. Specific morphology
Correct Answer: A,D,E
Rationale: Normal cells have the characteristics of differentiated function, nonmigratory, specific morphology, a smaller nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, tight adherence, and orderly and well-regulated growth.
The student nurse learning about cellular regulation understands that which process occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
- A. Actual division (mitosis)
- B. Doubling of DNA
- C. Growing extra membrane
- D. No reproductive activity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During the S phase, the cell must double its DNA content through DNA synthesis. Actual division, or mitosis, occurs during the M phase. Growing extra membrane occurs in the G1 phase. During the G0 phase, the cell is working but is not involved in any reproductive activity.
A nurse is participating in primary prevention efforts directed against cancer. In which activities is this nurse most likely to engage? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Demonstrating breast self-examination methods to women
- B. Interesting people on the use of chemoprevention
- C. Providing vaccinations against certain cancers
- D. Screening teenage girls for cervical cancer
- E. Teaching teens the dangers of tanning beds
Correct Answer: B,C,E
Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or disorder, in this case cancer. Secondary prevention includes screening and early diagnosis. Primary prevention activities include teaching people about chemoprevention, providing approved vaccinations to prevent cancer, and teaching teens the dangers of tanning beds. Secondary prevention includes screening girls for cervical cancer and demonstrating breast self-examination methods.
A client is in the oncology clinic for a first visit since being diagnosed with cancer. The nurse reads in the client's chart that the cancer is rated TIS, N0, M0. What does this indicate?
- A. The primary site of the cancer cannot be determined.
- B. Regional lymph nodes could not be assessed.
- C. There are multiple lymph nodes involved already.
- D. There are no distant metastases noted in the report.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: TIS stands for carcinoma in situ, N0 stands for no regional lymph node metastasis, and M0 stands for no distant metastasis.
A group of nursing students has entered a futuristic science contest in which they have developed a cure for cancer. Which treatment would most likely be the winning entry?
- A. Artificial fibronectin infusion to maintain tight adhesion of cells
- B. Chromosome repair to stop rapid division of cancer cells
- C. Synthetic enzyme transfusion to allow rapid cellular migration
- D. Teleomerase therapy to maintain chromosomal immortality
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cancer cells do not have sufficient fibronectin and so do not maintain tight adhesion with other cells. This is part of the mechanism of metastasis. Chromosome alterations in cancer cells (aneuploidy) consist of having too many, too few, or altered chromosome pairs, but this does not necessarily lead to rapid cellular division. Rapid cellular migration is part of metastasis. Immortality is a characteristic of cancer cells due to telomerase activity.