Nokea
A client is in the oncology clinic for a first visit since being diagnosed with cancer. The nurse reads in the client's chart that the cancer is rated TIS, N0, M0. What does this indicate?
- A. The primary site of the cancer cannot be determined.
- B. Regional lymph nodes could not be assessed.
- C. There are multiple lymph nodes involved already.
- D. There are no distant metastases noted in the report.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: TIS stands for carcinoma in situ, N0 stands for no regional lymph node metastasis, and M0 stands for no distant metastasis.
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Which statement by the client indicates the nurse needs to provide additional teaching?
- A. Foods high in vitamin A and vitamin C are important.
- B. I'll have to cut down on the amount of bacon I eat.
- C. I'm so glad I don't have to give up my juicy steaks.
- D. Vegetables, fruit, and high-fiber grains are important.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To decrease the risk of developing cancer, one should cut down on the consumption of red meats and animal fat. The other statements are correct.
The nursing instructor explains the difference between normal cells and benign tumor cells. What information does the instructor provide about these cells?
- A. Benign tumor cells are benign tumor cells are benign tumor cells.
- B. Benign tumors have lost their cellular regulation from contact inhibition.
- C. Growing in the wrong place or time is typical of benign tumors.
- D. The loss of characteristics of the parent cells is called anaplasia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Benign tumors are basically normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time. Benign cells grow through hyperplasia, not involution. Benign tumor cells retain contact inhibition. Anaplasia is a characteristic of cancer cells.
A group of nursing students has entered a futuristic science contest in which they have developed a cure for cancer. Which treatment would most likely be the winning entry?
- A. Artificial fibronectin infusion to maintain tight adhesion of cells
- B. Chromosome repair to stop rapid division of cancer cells
- C. Synthetic enzyme transfusion to allow rapid cellular migration
- D. Teleomerase therapy to maintain chromosomal immortality
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cancer cells do not have sufficient fibronectin and so do not maintain tight adhesion with other cells. This is part of the mechanism of metastasis. Chromosome alterations in cancer cells (aneuploidy) consist of having too many, too few, or altered chromosome pairs, but this does not necessarily lead to rapid cellular division. Rapid cellular migration is part of metastasis. Immortality is a characteristic of cancer cells due to telomerase activity.
A nurse is participating in primary prevention efforts directed against cancer. In which activities is this nurse most likely to engage? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Demonstrating breast self-examination methods to women
- B. Interesting people on the use of chemoprevention
- C. Providing vaccinations against certain cancers
- D. Screening teenage girls for cervical cancer
- E. Teaching teens the dangers of tanning beds
Correct Answer: B,C,E
Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or disorder, in this case cancer. Secondary prevention includes screening and early diagnosis. Primary prevention activities include teaching people about chemoprevention, providing approved vaccinations to prevent cancer, and teaching teens the dangers of tanning beds. Secondary prevention includes screening girls for cervical cancer and demonstrating breast self-examination methods.
The nursing student learning about cancer development remembers characteristics of normal cells. Which characteristics does this include? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Differentiated function
- B. Large nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
- C. Loose adherence
- D. Nonmigratory
- E. Specific morphology
Correct Answer: A,D,E
Rationale: Normal cells have the characteristics of differentiated function, nonmigratory, specific morphology, a smaller nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, tight adherence, and orderly and well-regulated growth.