Nokea
The only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels is:
- A. glucagon.
- B. insulin.
- C. epinephrine.
- D. cortisol.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and helps lower blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy or storage. Glucagon (A) raises blood glucose levels, epinephrine (C) and cortisol (D) also increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the release of glucose from storage sites.
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Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to ___.
- A. Addison disease.
- B. diabetes mellitus.
- C. Cushing syndrome.
- D. cretinism.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Addison disease. Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to Addison disease, characterized by fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin discoloration. This is because insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex can disrupt the body's stress response and electrolyte balance.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Diabetes mellitus is primarily related to insulin regulation issues, not adrenal cortex hormones.
C: Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion, not hyposecretion, of adrenal cortex hormones.
D: Cretinism is associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, not adrenal cortex hormone deficiency.
The left supra-renal vein drains into:
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Inferior mesenteric vein
- C. Left renal vein
- D. Superior mesenteric vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The left supra-renal vein drains into the left renal vein. This is because the left adrenal gland is located above the left kidney, and the left renal vein is responsible for draining blood from the left kidney and adjacent structures, including the left adrenal gland. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
Incorrect options:
A: The inferior vena cava receives blood from various veins in the body but not specifically from the left supra-renal vein.
B: The inferior mesenteric vein drains the large intestine and does not receive blood from the left supra-renal vein.
D: The superior mesenteric vein drains blood from the small intestine and does not receive blood from the left supra-renal vein.
In summary, the left supra-renal vein drains into the left renal vein due to their anatomical proximity, making option C the correct answer.
Each of the following types of receptors is correctly matched with the response resulting from its stimulation EXCEPT:
- A. Muscarinic receptors - decreased heart rate
- B. Nicotinic receptors - decreased gastric acid secretion
- C. Alpha adrenergic receptors - increased blood pressure
- D. Beta adrenergic receptors - bronchodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Nicotinic receptors are not associated with decreased gastric acid secretion, but rather with muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. A: Muscarinic receptors stimulation leads to decreased heart rate via parasympathetic activation. C: Activation of alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. D: Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors results in bronchodilation and increased heart rate. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not match the typical response of nicotinic receptors.
Which hormones of the adrenal glands supplement the sex hormones from the gonads?
- A. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone
- B. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
- C. Gnadocorticoids, such as the androgens
- D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Gnadocorticoids, such as the androgens. The adrenal glands produce androgens like DHEA which can supplement sex hormones from the gonads. Choice A, mineralocorticoids, control electrolyte and water balance. Choice B, glucocorticoids, regulate metabolism and immune response. Choice D, epinephrine and norepinephrine, are involved in the fight or flight response. Gnadcorticoids, specifically androgens, are the hormones from the adrenal glands that can supplement sex hormones from the gonads, making choice C the correct answer.
Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence ('Adam's apple').
- A. Pituitary
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Thyroid
- D. Pineal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence. It is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and growth. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain and controls other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus (B) is also in the brain and regulates hormone production. The pineal gland (D) is located in the brain and produces melatonin. Thyroid is correct due to its anatomical location and function in hormone regulation.